Chapter 4: lexicon (s-y)

sa  ‘sago starch’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

sa / sa’a  ‘sago’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: pronunciation sa’a is found in CMD region of Mangon.

sa, napi  ‘sago tree’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: sa is verified as ‘sago’. I repeatedly collected sa kau as ‘sago tree’. It is unclear what napi means here. I have only collected it with a verbal prefix ba- meaning ‘to shoot’.

sa’afa, saafa, safa  ‘rat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tikus | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

sa’afa, safa  ‘rat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tikus | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

sa’aka  ‘silver’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

sa’apon  ‘sago tree’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I collected this term as sa kau. The Holle entry loofs like a partial loan from Bahasa Indonesia pohon.

sa’ik  ‘here’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di sini | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

sa’ik, deha sa’ik  ‘here’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di sini | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

sa’ilu  ‘to slurp’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

sa’oa  ‘where’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dimana | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also sahoa, soa.

sa’ota (1)  ‘dry’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kering | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

sa’ota (2)  ‘to be wrecked’ | e.g. shipwreck | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see sa’otu.

sa’ota (3)  ‘dry’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also sa’otu, saotu (Mangon).

sa’otu (1)  ‘to be wrecked’ | e.g. shipwreck | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see sa’ota.

sa’otu (2)  ‘dry’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also sa’ota, saota collected on: Sanana.

sa’wehi  ‘seashell’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

saafa  ‘rat’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

saba ‘koka  ‘ring’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

sabab  ‘because’ | Bahasa Indonesia: karena | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

sabai  ‘slap’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tendangen | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: single consultant | 2015.

sabakoka  ‘ring’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also sabakoku.

sabakoku  ‘ring’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2010 | note: manga is ‘sharp’. Mangon form. For Sanana form see also sabakoka.

sabata  ‘rug’/’mat’/’pandanus leaf’/’sleeping mat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: permadani, tikar | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sabatena  ‘midnight’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

sabeya  ‘to worship’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sembahyang | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2010–2019 | note: see also sabia, bau perinta joh.

sabia  ‘to worship’ | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2014 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan. See also sabeya, bau perinta joh.

sabil  ‘sabre’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

sabota  ‘sleeping mat’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

sabu  ‘to close’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also oba.

sabua  ‘tent’/’hut’/’shelter’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tenda | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

saf  ‘bowl’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mangkuk | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

safa  ‘rat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tikus | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

safak  ‘shield’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I have never seen a shield in Sula. I’ve thrown a spear at a wild boar, but not seen a shield.

safe (keu).

  ‘to spit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: meludah | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

safila  ‘Lightning’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kilat | collected on: Sanana | source: Fagudu speaker | 2010 | note: Possible Arabic loan: saeiqa ‘lightning’ shaeila ‘flame’/’torch’. See also sagila at.

sagat  ‘to carry on the hip’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: see also sanggate, sanggati.

sagig lal (1)  ‘to carry under the arm’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also sagigi tuka.

sagig lal (2)  ‘armpit’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

sagigi tuka  ‘to carry under the arm’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also sagig lal.

sagigituka  ‘armpit’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

sagila (at), sagila’at, sagilaat  ‘lightning’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kilat | collected on: Sanana | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015 | note: Possible Arabic loan: saeiqa ‘lightning’ shaeila ‘flame’/’torch’. See also safila.

sagilaatu  ‘lightning’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kilat | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015 | note: Possible Arabic loan: saeiqa ‘lightning’ shaeila ‘flame’/’torch’. See also safila.

sagu  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the blue goatfish (parupeneus cyclostomus) and manybar goatfish (parupeneus multifasciatus) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

sahafa  ‘rat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tikus | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

sahoa, sa’oa, saoa, soa  ‘where’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dimana | collected on: Sanana | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

sahosa (1)  ‘roof’ | Bahasa Indonesia: atap | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sahosa (2)  ‘roof thatch’ | Bahasa Indonesia: atap | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

sai (1)  ‘floor’ | (made from wood) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010-2019.

sai (2)  ‘paddle(s)’/’to row’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dayung | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sai (3)  ‘to go’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pergi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sai gabalil  ‘go around’/’circumnavigate’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

sai lepa  ‘go up’ | (e.g. a an inclined road) | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

sai maneha neha  ‘go straight ahead’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

sai neu  ‘go down’ | (e.g. a an inclined road) | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

sai pon  ‘shoulderblade’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also sanapau.

sai/laka  ‘depart’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berangkat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

saik  ‘here’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di sini | collected on: Sanana | source: Fagudu speaker | 2010 | note: see also isuka, saiki, saiya, sit iki, deha saik, siku.

saik / isuna / isuka  ‘here’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

saiki  ‘here’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di sini | collected on: Mangon | received from a Mangon speaker | 2010 | note: see also isuka, saik, saiya, sit iki, deha saik, siku.

saiki, saik  ‘here’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

saiya / sa’ia  ‘here’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di sini | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also isuka, saik, saiki, sit iki, deha saik, siku.

sak (1)  ‘pocket’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kantung | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sak (2)  ‘to pierce’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

sak (3)  ‘to stab’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

sak / saku  ‘stab’/’poke’ | e.g. sak tuf tilu ‘pierce ear’ (CMD dialect, Ulfoa village) | Bahasa Indonesia: menusuk | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: this is an overhead stab ‘Psycho’ type stab.

sak kau bo hai  ‘plant’ | (in the manner of planting a flag) | collected on: Sanana, Kampung Umaloya | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: literally ‘pierce’ + ‘wood’ + LOC + ‘earth’.

sak-tilu  ‘pierce ear’ | collected on: Mangon, CMD villages | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

saka  ‘one Hundred’ | Bahasa Indonesia: seratus | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

saka lifi  ‘to turn’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berputar | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

sakaf  ‘to hold’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggenggam | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

sakaf bon tinakan  ‘to carry (to the front of the body)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

sakafi  ‘to hold under the arm at side’/’to cradle as one would a baby’ | collected on: Mangon, Kampung Waitina | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

sakafi bun takau  ‘to carry (to the front of the body)’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

sakawa  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the bigeye emperor/humpnose big-eye bream (monotaxis grandoculis) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

sakeu  ‘to scratch an itch’ | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

sakohi  ‘to grunt’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

saksi  ‘witness’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

saku  ‘to stab’/’pierce’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menikam | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

sakum  ‘to sniff, smell’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menghiru | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

sala  ‘guilty’/’wrong’ | Bahasa Indonesia: salah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: likely loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

sala moya  ‘innocent’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tidak bersalah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

salama  ‘for (duration)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: selama, selalu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

salama lama pel  ‘forever’ | Bahasa Indonesia: selama, selalu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: literally ‘until time finish’.

salena  ‘to fry without oil | e.g. toasting seeds | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

salju  ‘snow’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

saloa  ‘advice’ | Bahasa Indonesia: nasihat | collected on: Sanana, Umahoya village | Source: Fagudu tribe | 2014 | note: in some communities, minimal pair with sahoa ‘where’.

saloi  ‘woven basket backpack’ | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: numerous | 2015 | note: see also kal. image 2201.

sam  ‘bedding’/’clothing’/’bandage’/’blanket’/’sarong’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kain tempat tidur, pakaian, pembalut, selimut | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sama (1)  ‘same’ | e.g. sama para ‘just the same’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

sama (2)  ‘rat’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see sahafa.

sama sehu; sam iropa / sami ladu, sami eropa  ‘cotton fabric (local, European)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

samab  ‘mosquito’ | Bahasa Indonesia: nyamuk | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

samab (Facei & Fagudu /kafin/ they tll me)  ‘mosquito’ | Bahasa Indonesia: nyamuk | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

samaka  ‘watermelon’ | Bahasa Indonesia: semangka | collected on: Sanana, Waibau village | source: two to three consultants | 2015 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

samam (1)  ‘to chew’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mengunyah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

samam (2)  ‘to cook’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menanak | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014 | note: I am skeptical of this response. In other elicitation sessions, this form means ‘to chew’.

samamo  ‘other’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lain | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

samamu  ‘to chew’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mengunyah | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina, (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon, Fagudu, Facei tribes | 2014.

samana  ‘there’/’yonder’ | (distant, near addressee) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also isuna.

samangka  ‘watermelon’ | Bahasa Indonesia: semangka | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: two to three consultants | 2015 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

same (1)  ‘count’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menghitung | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

same (2)  ‘fall’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

sami  ‘sarong’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

samo  ‘needle’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

samoha  ‘needle’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jarum | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu, Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

samoha / samo  ‘needle’ | (both sewing and syringe types) | Bahasa Indonesia: jarum | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

samohi  ‘last (temporal)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see hia tuna and da.

samoo  ‘needle’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jarum | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

samsi beu  ‘headcloth (for men)’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

sana  ‘stick’/’branch’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dahan | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015 | note: branch still in the tree. See also daeti.

sana fanau  ‘big pathway’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jalan raya | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

sana pau  ‘shoulders’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bahu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sana pit  ‘roofing: bamboo lath’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

sana, kau sana  ‘branch’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dahan | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

sanaf  ‘spinach’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bayam | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sanafa  ‘road/path’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jalan | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

sanafa fanin  ‘big’ | Bahasa Indonesia: raya | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

Sanana  English | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

sanang  ‘comfortable’ | e.g. bau sanang and baka sanang ‘get comfortable’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menyenangkan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sanapahu  ‘back’ | Bahasa Indonesia: punggung | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

sanapau (1)  ‘back’ | Bahasa Indonesia: punggung | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

sanapau/sanapahu / sanapa’u (2)  ‘shoulder’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bahu | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu, Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

sanapet  ‘roof’/’roof thatch’ | Bahasa Indonesia: atap | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa, Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

sanapetu  ‘roof’/’roof thatch’ | Bahasa Indonesia: atap | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

sanas  ‘familial relationship’ | Bahasa Indonesia: keluarga | collected on: Sanana, Malbufa village | source: two to three consultants | 2015 | note: sanas is a relationship unit. It can represent a nuclear family relationship, a clan relationship, a tribe relationship, or the Sula ethnic relationship. This form shows a sound change in process across the region. See also basanasi, sanohi.

sanasi  ‘familial relationship’ | Bahasa Indonesia: keluarga | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: sansi is a relationship unit. It can represent a nuclear family relationship, a clan relationship, a tribe relationship, or the Sula ethnic relationship. possibly archaic but likely still present in some Mangon villages. This form shows a sound change in process across the region. See also basanasi, sanas, sanohi.

sanasi fini  ‘sister’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: archaic. See sanohi.

sandal  ‘sandal’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sandal | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sanga  ‘branch’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cabang | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014.

sangapetu  ‘thatch/roof’ | Bahasa Indonesia: atap | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

sangapitu  ‘roofing: bamboo lath’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

sangati  ‘to hold under the arm at one’s side’ | collected on: Mangon, Kampung Waitina | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

sanggate  ‘to carry on the hip’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: see also sagat, sanggati.

sanggati  ‘to carry on the hip’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: see also sanggate, sagat.

sangihi  ‘to cough’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: likely antiquated. See also bakef, sanihi.

sanihi  ‘to cough’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: likely antiquated. See also bakef, sangihi.

sanisi  ‘comb’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

sanka  ‘think’/’assume’/’suspect’ | e.g. a-sanka ‘I think’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kira | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2015.

sanohi (1)  ‘family’/’brother’/’friend’/’comrade’ | e.g. sanohi gareha bo hai Sula ‘there are four tribes on the Sula Islands’ | Bahasa Indonesia: keluarga | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: sanohi is a relationship unit. It can represent a nuclear family relationship, a clan relationship, a tribe relationship, or the Sula ethnic relationship. This form shows a sound change in process across the region. See also basanasi, sanas, sanasi.

sanohi (2)  ‘connection’ | (things/ideas) | Bahasa Indonesia: hubungan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sanohi duki  ‘guest’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tamu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: -i is optional on duk(i). Literally ‘familial relationship’ + ‘come’.

sanohi fina  ‘sister’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘family female’.

sanohi ma’ana / sanohi maana  ‘brother’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘family male’.

saoa (1)  ‘thunder’ | Bahasa Indonesia: guntur | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also telapat.

saoa (2)  ‘where’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dimana | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see sahoa and sa’oa.

saoa para  ‘anywhere’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di mana saja | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

saota  ‘desiccated’/’to dry’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kering | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

saota (lawai) saota  ‘thirsty’ | Bahasa Indonesia: haus | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

saota, s’ota  ‘dry’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kering | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

sap  ‘cow’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sapi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sap ihi  ‘beef’ | Bahasa Indonesia: daging sapi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sap lal  ‘rack above the fireplace’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this is an intriguing term, because it is unclear where the initial s comes from. Regardless, though, the English is almost certainly false. ap lal / api lal means ‘in fire’. My best guess is the interviewer pointed at a roasting spit and asked what it was, to which the answer was sap lal / sapi tuka ‘it goes in the cow’ (sap/sapi ‘cow’ + lal/tuka ‘inside’).

sap li  ‘to moo (as of a cow)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: lit. cow’ + ‘speech’.

sap ma’ana  ‘bull’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: literally ‘male bovine’.

sapa  ‘slap’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tempeleng | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also lap.

sape’i keu  ‘to spit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: meludah | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: see also bitfua keu, bua keu.

sapeda  ‘bicycle’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sepeda | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

sapituka  ‘rack above the fireplace’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this is an intriguing term, because it is unclear where the initial s comes from. Regardless, though, the English is almost certainly false. ap lal / api lal means ‘in fire’. My best guess is the interviewer pointed at a roasting spit and asked what it was, to which the answer was sap lal / sapi tuka ‘it goes in the cow’ (sap/sapi ‘cow’ + lal/tuka ‘inside’).

sar  ‘to row’/’to pull’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

sara  ‘burn’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bakar | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sara ap dawika  ‘to turn on (a light)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

sara tabak This is  ‘to burn’ | (describes the slow burning of a cigarette or a mosquito coil.) | Bahasa Indonesia: membakar | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014 | note: not to be confused with sui, ‘smoking’ a cigarette.

sara’ap sanana  ‘to turn on (a light)’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: sara ap is to turn on a light (lit. ‘burn fire’). It is unclear what sanana means here. This form might hint at the historical meaning of the name Sanana. Perhaps it is named with regard to light, similar to 日本.

sarag  ‘gong’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

sarampa dahi  ‘measles’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

sarong  ‘sheath’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

sasua  ‘fishing with a throwing spear’ | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: single consultant | 2014.

sau (1)  ‘sew’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jahit | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: possible loan.

sau (2)  ‘glue’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

sau / sa’u / sanu  ‘brother-in-law’ | source: numerous | 2014.

sau, ma’idi  ‘resin’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

saudagar mata pia bedagang  ‘merchant’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

saup  ‘to sip’/’slurp’ | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2014 | note: onomatopoeia.

sawa  ‘shave’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mencukur [cukur] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sawai (pul)  ‘to turn completely, 180 degrees’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berputar | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

sawehi  ‘mussel’ | Bahasa Indonesia: remis | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

saya  ‘grammar’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

sayang  ‘to sniff, smell’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mencium | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

sayowa  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the small-toothed jobfish/forktail snapper (aphareus furca) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

seb / lea seb  ‘sunset’ | Bahasa Indonesia: matahari terbenam | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

seba-seba  ‘diarrhea’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mencret | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sebab  ‘because’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

sebab apa  ‘what reason’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

sedi  ‘sad’ | Bahasa Indonesia: anak kecil | collected on: Sanana, Waibau village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

seg  ‘flood tide’ | Bahasa Indonesia: air pasang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also it.

segar  ‘fresh’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

sekoci  ‘rowboat’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I’m not sure I ever saw a rowboat. Sula still uses primarily canoes and outrigger canoes.

sekola lepayau  ‘university’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

sekolah  ‘school’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

sel  ‘to plant’/’a plant’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tumbuhan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sel nui  ‘coconut crop’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tanam kalapa | collected on: Sanana, Pastina village | source: Falahu tribe farmers | 2014.

selalu  ‘often’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sering | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

seli  ‘to plant’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menanam | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U, Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

seli, kau seli  ‘fruit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: buah-buahan | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

selu  needlefish (belonidae) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

selumpoyu  dark colored triggerfish (balistidae) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

sempit (ID)  ‘narrow’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

sena  ‘to jump’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

senang  ‘fresh’ | Bahasa Indonesia: segar | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

senapan  ‘rifle’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

senapang  ‘gun’ | collected on: Sanana, Kampung Wailau | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

senin  ‘Week’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

sepa  ‘to kick’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menyepak | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sepatu lepayau  ‘boot (shoe)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sepatu tinggi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

September  ‘September’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

sering  ‘often’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

sesa  ‘locust’ | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: two to three consultants | 2015.

sia-sia  ‘pail’/’bucket’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ember | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

siap-siap  ‘prepared’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

siba  ‘to defecate’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: see also geka.

sibo  ‘where’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dimana | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

sida  ‘to split’ | Bahasa Indonesia: membelah | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

sidag  ‘diarrhea’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan. See also seba seba.

sidenga  ‘strait(s)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

sig  ‘flood tide’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

sihir  ‘magic’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010 | note: loan.

sik  ‘here’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di sini | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U, Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

siku  ‘here’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di sini | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: siku is a contraction of saiku. In accommodating to Mangon speakers, CMD speakers (especially in Ulfoa village) would re-add final vowels that were dropped in Sanana. The chosen vowel did not always match the Mangon target though. This is not unlike speakers of British dialects that have dropped initial h re-adding it to words beginning with vowels when talking to English speakers of other dialects (I’ll ave an happle please). See also isuka, saik, saiki, saiya, sit iki, deha saik.

siku papa  ‘seat’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: siku is a contraction of saiku. This word was likely collected in a CMD area.

siku, bo siku  ‘here’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di sini | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

sil  ‘to plant’/’a plant’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: variant of sel / basel.

silfoka  ‘elbow’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

siliboi  ‘sweat’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

silifoku  ‘elbow’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

simpau  ‘shoulder’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bahu | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

sina  ‘moon’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bulan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sinang-sinang  ‘relax, rest’ | Bahasa Indonesia: istirahat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sinanga  ‘to fry’/’grill’/’bake’/’burn’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010-2019 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

sindu pamasi  ‘chaff’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: see also kol.

sinot kau  ‘carpenter’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tukang kayu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sinsara  ‘hard (difficult)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: susah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sis  ‘to cut, hack’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menetak | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

sisa (1)  ‘chop away at something’ | e.g. sisa noi ‘to hack back coconut husk’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tanam memotong | collected on: Sanana, Bega village | source: Falahu tribe | 2014.

sisa (2)  ‘sugarcane’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

sisum koli  definition unclear but term used in describing shaved old coconut | collected on: Mangon, Waitina village | source: Mangon tribe | 2014 | note: koli is ‘skin’, but sisum is unknown.

sit iki  ‘here’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di sini | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also isuka, saik, saiki, saiya, deha saik, siku.

slendang  ‘shawl’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

so’a  ‘thunder’ | Bahasa Indonesia: guntur | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

so’asa  ‘bronze’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

soa (1)  ‘where’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dimana | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also sa’oa and sahoa.

soa (2)  ‘family name’/’division of society’ | Bahasa Indonesia: fam | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

soa (3)  ‘thunder’ | Bahasa Indonesia: guntur | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

soa, s’oa  ‘where?’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dimana | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

soba (1)  ‘to depart’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this Holle form is translated incorrectly. It means ‘to depart by boat’/’to sail off’. Literally, soba is ‘wing’/’sail’.

soba (2)  ‘sail’/’to sail’ | Bahasa Indonesia: layar | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

soba (3)  ‘wing’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sayap | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

soba kan  ‘sailboat mast’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

sof  ‘chop away at something’ | e.g. chopping husk off coconut with machete | Bahasa Indonesia: tanam memotong | collected on: Sanana, Pastina village | source: Falahu tribe farmers | 2014.

sofa (1)  ‘snail (land snail)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: keong | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sofa (2)  ‘plaited rattan fish trap’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bubu | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

soi  ‘to open’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: variant of hoi.

soklat  ‘brown’ | Bahasa Indonesia: coklat (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: [t͡ʃoklat] would be expected if there were a native /t͡ʃ/ in Sula. Loan from Nahuatl by way of Bahasa Indonesia.

soklat bamata  ‘raw chocolate’ | Bahasa Indonesia: coklat mentah | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: numerous | 2015.

solbi  ‘tail bone’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

soli (1)  ‘eagle’ | Bahasa Indonesia: elang | collected on: Sanana, Waibau village | source: numerous | 2015 | note: they are known to snatch chickens and small dogs.

soli (2)  ‘kite bird’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

some  ‘to sniff’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

son (1)  HABITUAL INCEPTIVE ASPECT MARKER (‘again from now’) | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

son (2)  ‘because’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

son (3)  ‘more’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

songu  general term for triggerfish (balistidae) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

sonlulu  ‘after’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

sonlulu bet gatel  ‘in three days’ (after day three) | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

sorga  ‘the upperworld’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: definitely a borrowing from Bahasa Indonesia.

sosa (1)  ‘milk’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also sosu (Mangon).

sosa (2)  ‘female breast’ | Bahasa Indonesia: susu | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu, Facei tribes | 2014.

sosa pea  ‘nipple’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

sosa wai  ‘breast milk’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

sosawita  ‘mushroom’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jamur | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

soso  ‘breasts (female)’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this archaic form, if correct, has implications on the Proto–Sula high vowel sound change. It would imply that *susu > soso > sosu in Mangon and simultaneously *susu > soso > sosa in Sanana, as sosa and soso were both recorded on the holla list. It should be said though that Sula vowels encroach on each other (especially o, a, and to an extent u), and they are hard to pin down even to the experienced ear, so it is probable that many of the unexpected vowels in the Holle list are simply transcription differences.

soso ngua  ‘nipple’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

soso wai  ‘breast milk’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

sosu (1)  ‘milk’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: likely borrowing from Bahasa Indonesia susu after the introduction of canned and powdered milk. See also sosa collected on: Sanana.

sosu (2)  ‘female breast’ | Bahasa Indonesia: susu | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

sotu  ‘dry’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kering | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

soya  ‘to say’/’to tell’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bilang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

soya du(a)lu  ‘to advise’/’to tell’ | Bahasa Indonesia: saran | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2010–2019 | note: a-soya dualu ‘I’ll tell/advise you’.

soya kuiki’i  ‘to guess’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

strat  ‘Strait’ | (between islands) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

su’isa  ‘drum’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

Sua  ‘Sula’ | (language, land, and people) | Bahasa Indonesia: Sula, Xulla | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sub  ‘lamp wick’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

suba (1)  ‘the smell of rot’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bau, busuk | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also pat, pati foro, suma.

suba (2)  ‘rotten’ | Bahasa Indonesia: busuk | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U, Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

subo  ‘where’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dimana | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also sibo.

subur  ‘morning’ / AM | Bahasa Indonesia: pagi | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

sug  ‘shy’/’timid’ | Bahasa Indonesia: malu | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

suglela  ‘to play’/’to enjoy’ | (e.g. game, sport, or music) | Bahasa Indonesia: bermain [main], olahraga | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

suglik  ‘riddle’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

suglila  ‘to play’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: variant of suglela.

sugu liku  ‘riddle’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

suha  ‘spike’ | (especially a sharpened bamboo pole planted into the ground at an angle along a perimeter fence as a barrier to keep wild pigs out of gardens.) | Bahasa Indonesia: paku | collected on: Sanana, Umahoya village | Source: Fagudu tribe | 2015.

sui  ‘to inhale’/’to smoke’ | e.g. sui tabak ‘to smoke cigarettes | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

sui tabak  ‘smoke’ | Bahasa Indonesia: merokok | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

suk  ‘breadfruit’ | e.g. suk ihi ‘breadfruit meat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sukun | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

suk hal  ‘breadfruit blossom’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mekar sukun | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015.

suk ihi  ‘breadfruit meat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: buah sukun | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

suk kau  ‘breadfruit tree’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pohon sukun | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015.

suka (1)  ‘always’ | Bahasa Indonesia: selalu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

suka (2)  ‘to like’/’to want’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

suka (3)  ‘like’/AUX | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

sum  ‘mouth’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mulut | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

suma (1)  ‘to blow one’s nose’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also pat, pati foro, suba.

suma (2)  ‘to smell’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this form is recorded as ‘nose blowing’. See also pat, pati foro, suba.

sumba  ‘flower’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bunga | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

sumi  ‘smell’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see also muhi.

sumpati  ‘to sniff, smell’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menghiru | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

sumpi  ‘blowpipe’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

sungea  ‘a large bird similar to a parrot’ | collected on: Mangon, Wai U village | source: single consultant | 2015 | note: image 2325.

sungga  ‘spike’ | Bahasa Indonesia: paku | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2015.

sup papa  ‘seat’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010-2019.

surat  ‘letter’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

suremu  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the yellowfin goatfish (mulloidichthys vanicolensis) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

susa  ‘poverty’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kemiskanan (sp?) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

susu  ‘milk’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

sutera  ‘silk’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

ta  1PL.INCL | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ta lal  ‘a lot’/’much’/’many’ | Bahasa Indonesia: banyak | collected on: Sanana, Malbufa village | source: numerous | 2015 | note: see also eb, ib, ibu, foloi, kadiga.

ta- (1)  First plural (inclusive) agreement marker | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ta- (2)  verbal prefix | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: it is unclear whether this is truly a verbal prefix or rather the third person agreement marker affixed to some verbs in citation form.

ta-bicara  ‘to speak’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ta-linga  ‘to listen’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ta-pisnoya  ‘to speak’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ta-toya  ‘truth’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

tab  ‘mud’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

tabak  ‘tobacco’/’cigarette’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also tabaku, tabaki.

tabaku / tabaki  ‘tobacco’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also tabak.

tabe  ‘excuse me’ | Bahasa Indonesia: permisi | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2015.

tabi  ‘mud’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

tabicara  ‘speak (language)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berbahasa (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

taboi  ‘hatchet’/’axe’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

tabuna hai  ‘pot (earthenware)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also tabuna lai.

tabuna lai  ‘pot (earthenware)’ | collected on: Mangon | source: single consultant | 2010 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also tabuna hai.

tabuna mam  ‘pot (iron)’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

tabuna mum  ‘pot (iron)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

tadu  ‘horn’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

tadu (tar in Sula)  ‘horn’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

taf  ‘filtered’ | Bahasa Indonesia: saring | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

taga  ‘lake’ | Bahasa Indonesia: danau | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

tagi  ‘short (temporal)’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

taha  ‘provisions’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

tahaga  ‘lake’ | Bahasa Indonesia: danau | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tahai  ‘young’/’unripe’ | Bahasa Indonesia: muda | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tahan  ‘arrest’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menangkap (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: possible loan from ID tahan ‘take’, ‘hold up’.

tahi  ‘put’/’throw’ ‘pour’ | e.g. (1) put something somewhere / throw it over there / pour it in there (2) tahi cenke bo karung ‘put cloves in the bag’ (3) tahi wai bo galas ‘pour water in the glass’ | collected on: Sanana, Waibau village | source: numerous | 2010, 2015.

tahun  ‘year’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tahun | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

tahun dabet  ‘last year’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

tahun paka-poa  ‘decade’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

tahun pihu  ‘next year’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

tahun’ik  ‘this year’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

tai  ‘faeces’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

tai wai / tawai  ‘urine’/’to urinate’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010-2019.

taka er  ‘frog’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kodok | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

taka er yai  ‘fin’/’flippers (swimming)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kaki katak | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

taka’idu  ‘frog’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan. See also taka er, wak.

taka’u fatu  ‘back’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | 2014.

takalia wai  ‘throat’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

takau  ‘stomach’/’belly’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Mangon form. Contraction of tena kau.

takau gika  ‘stomachache’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also tena geka.

takut  ‘awful’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mengerikan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

talan  ‘copper sauce’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

talanga yai  ‘anklet’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

talapati  ‘thunder’ | Bahasa Indonesia: guntur | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

tali  ‘main posts’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I don’t understand the Holle gloss.

tali kidi  ‘waist belt/band’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: tali ‘rope’.

tali nga  ‘ear’ | collected on: Mangon | Collins | 1981 | note: Collins lists this as two words. There might be a morphological basis for that, however phonologically it is one word with a predictable stress pattern. See also talinga.

talina bin  ‘deaf’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

talinga  ‘ear’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also til, telina.

talinga bombingi  ‘deaf’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

tam  ‘parents-in-law’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

tam fina  ‘mother-in-law’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ibu mertua | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tam ma’ana  ‘father-in-law’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

tamba’u  ‘grasshopper’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

tambaebu  ‘to swell’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

tamil  ‘beans’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

tamilu  ‘beans’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

tampayan  ‘earthen water barrel’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

tampayang  ‘pot (ceramic)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: guci | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tamua  ‘lead’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

tamua boti  ‘tin’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

tana (1)  ‘centipede’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

tana (2)  ‘earthworm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cacing | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

tania hoi  ‘shin’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: see yai tia loi. tania hoi is probably metathesis of yai tia loi / yai tia hoi ‘shin’ which breaks down as yai ‘leg’ tia ? loi ‘bone’ (l>h is a sound change in process. Some communities retain l where others have gone to h, others yet have converted h to a glottal and still others have dropped the segment entirely. The difficulty of traversing between communities up until a couple yers ago allows us a snapshot of various stages of sound change in process. Most of these differences are likely to level off in the next few years because of new coastal roads.).

tanumba  ‘ceiling beams’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

tap  ‘anchor’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

tapa, lima tapa  ‘left (direction)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kiri | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tapaya  ‘papaya’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pepaya | collected on: Sanana, Pastina village | source: Pastina farmers | 2014 | note: loan from Carib via Spanish, Portugese, Malay.

tapi  ‘but’/’however’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

tar  ‘horn’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

tara tib  ‘sit (with the legs crossed)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

tas  ‘bag’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tas | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tasoya  ‘to say’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

tatabahasa  ‘grammar’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

tatabuang  ‘xylophone’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

tatoya  ‘truth’ | Bahasa Indonesia: benar, kebenaran | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

taun  ‘year’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tahun | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

taun, tahun (L)  ‘year’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

tayoya  ‘heron’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also man camo.

te (1)  QUESTION PARTICLE | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

te (2)  ‘or’ | Bahasa Indonesia: atau | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

te moya  ‘or not’ | e.g. gu-laka bo uma te moya ‘are you going home or not’ | Bahasa Indonesia: apakah | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

te-moya  QUESTION PHRASE | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: phrase final, literally ‘or not’.

tea  ‘type of small bamboo’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bambu kecil | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tea maha  ‘meal’ | Bahasa Indonesia: makanan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

teamaha  ‘food ingredient’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bahan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

ted  ‘to hold’/’carry’ | (this to seems to be more ‘hold’ than ‘carry’. It can be used for items that are either on the front or back and also inanimate objects such as a boat holding people.) | collected on: Sanana, Umahoya village | Source: Fagudu tribe | 2014.

ted lepa  ‘pick up’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memungut [pungut] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

teh  ‘tea’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

telama  ‘meal’ | Bahasa Indonesia: makanan | collected on: Mangon, Waitina village | source: Mangon tribe | 2014.

telanihi  ‘lightning’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kilat | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

telapat  ‘thunder’ | Bahasa Indonesia: guntur | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

telapat / telapati  ‘thunder’ | Bahasa Indonesia: guntur | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also saoa, telopati.

telina  ‘ear’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also til, talinga.

telopati  ‘thunder’ | Bahasa Indonesia: guntur | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: antiquated. See telapat collected on: Sanana, telapati (Mangon).

tema  ‘direction of the island interior ‘ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: directions: lepa ‘up’ and neu ‘down’ correspond to clockwise and counterclockwise depending on the village. Directions: tema ‘inland’ and fai ‘seaward’ are universal in Sula.

tembaga  ‘copper’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

tena  ‘belly’/’stomach’ | Bahasa Indonesia: perut | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tena (kau)  ‘belly’ | Bahasa Indonesia: perut | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa, Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

tena aya  ‘pregnant’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hamil | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: said to be the Fagudu pronunciation.

tena eya  ‘pregnant’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hamil | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: said to be the Falahu pronunciation.

tena kau  ‘belly’ | Bahasa Indonesia: perut | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also takau.

tena lal  ‘intestines’/’guts’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tena lal geka  ‘indigestion’ | Bahasa Indonesia: salah cerna | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tendau  ‘rainbow’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also fal.

tentu  ‘certainly’/’sure’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

ter seraha bomon  ‘sensible’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bijaksana | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

terigu  ‘flour’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tepung | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

terlalu  ‘very’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sangat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

terompit  ‘horn’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

tetap  ‘but’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

tetapa  ‘sieve for rice’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

tetapi  ‘but’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia. See also tapi,.

ti ad  ‘to exchange’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

tia  ‘type of small bamboo’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bambu kecil | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: single consultant | 2014.

tiad(i)  ‘change (money?)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menukar | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tiade  ‘cash (eg check)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menukar [tukar] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tiap-tiap  ‘each’/’every’ | Bahasa Indonesia: setiap | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tiba  ‘which’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

tibas boya  ‘a type of grass’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

tifa  ‘drum’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

til  ‘ear’ | Bahasa Indonesia: telinga | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also tilu.

til (ben)  ‘deaf’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tuli | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

til (hosa)  ‘ear’ | Bahasa Indonesia: telinga | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

tilaka  ‘dangerous situation’/’natural disaster’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

tilapat  ‘thunder’ | Bahasa Indonesia: guntur | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: antiquated. See telapat collected on: Sanana, telapati (Mangon).

tilopate  ‘thunder’ | Bahasa Indonesia: guntur | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: antiquated. See telapat collected on: Sanana, telapati (Mangon).

tilu  ‘ear’ | Bahasa Indonesia: telinga | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015 | note: see also til.

tim  ‘cucumber’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

tima  ‘land’ | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2014 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia. tanah?.

timbun  ‘float’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

timu (1)  ‘dew’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

timu (2)  ‘east’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

timu (3)  ‘cucumber’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

timur  ‘east’ | Bahasa Indonesia: timur | collected on: Sanana, Waibau village | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: lack of native words suggests ancient Sula had a non-cardinal direction system.

tin  ‘dew’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

tina  ‘on top of’ | (e.g. the floor) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tina gika  ‘stomachache’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: archaic. See also tena geka.

tipis (ID)  ‘thin’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

tipu  ‘to cheat’/’trick’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: see also bahas.

tiyadi  ‘to exchange’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

to (1)  ‘bop’/’to strike weakly’/’small punch’ | (playful hit e.g. after telling a joke) | Bahasa Indonesia: pukulan lemah | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014.

to (2)  ‘to cut’/’to hack’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menetak | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2014.

tobu  ‘keris’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

togi  ‘short’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

tok tok  ‘cow bell’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lonceng sapi | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: single consultant | 2015 | note: onomatopoeia?.

toko  ‘shop’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

toling toling  ‘cow bell’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lonceng sapi | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: single consultant | 2015 | note: onomatopoeia?.

tom  ‘indigo (dye)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I could not verify this Holle list item, but it is possibly derived from the cherry-like tom tom fruit.

tom tom  ‘a cherry-like tree fruit’ | collected on: Sanana, Malbufa village | source: numerous | 2015.

tomati  ‘tomato’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

tongka  ‘walking stick’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tongki iata  ‘lizard’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

tonka  ‘stick’ | (especially a ‘walking stick or cane’) | Bahasa Indonesia: tongkat jalan, pagar | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

tora  ‘fence’ | Bahasa Indonesia: | location: unknown | source: Umaternate | 2013.

totoya  ‘very’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

totu  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the long-spine porcupinefish (diodon holocanthus) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

trus  ‘continue’/’straignt on’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jurusan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

trus trus pel  ‘for (duration), forever’ | Bahasa Indonesia: selama, selalu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tu saji  ‘container cover’/’lid’ | Bahasa Indonesia: penutup | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: single consultant | 2014.

tua (1)  ‘husband’ | Bahasa Indonesia: suami | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

tua (2)  ‘old’ | (people) | Bahasa Indonesia: tua | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

tubi  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the belted wrasse (stethojulis balteata) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

tud  ‘to overnight’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menginap | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tuf  ‘hole’ | e.g. sak tuf til ‘to pierce an ear’ (lit. ‘pierce ear hole’) | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2015 | note: see also duf.

tufi (1)  ‘to drip’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menetes | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014.

tufi (2)  ‘hole’ | collected on: Mangon, CMD villages | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

tufi (3)  ‘to stab, pierce’ | collected on: Mangon, CMD villages | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: literally ‘hole’.

tugar  ‘remainder’/’change’ | (as in change during a monetary transaction) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

tui  ‘snake’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ular | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tui gaya fasina  ‘mooneclipse’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I really hope this Holle entry is correct, because the literal translation is ‘the snake ate the moon’.

tui patola  ‘a type of colorful snake’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

tuka (1)  inside’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dalam | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

tuka (2)  ‘heart’ | (‘heart’ in the symbolic sense and perhaps the literal sense as well depending on village.) | Bahasa Indonesia: jantung | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also lal.

tuka (3)  ‘intestines’ | Bahasa Indonesia: usus | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina, (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon, Fagudu, Falahu tribes | 2014.

tuka pon  ‘intestines’ | Bahasa Indonesia: usus | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

tukang  ‘builder’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tukang bangunan (Malay) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tukang awa  ‘gardner’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tukang kebun | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tukang bahasa  ‘linguist’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ahli bahasa | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tulis  ‘record’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mencatat [catat] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

tuma  ‘flea’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

tumba (1)  ‘spear’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

tumba (2)  ‘to stab’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menusuk | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: three to five consultants | 2015 | note: this is an overhead stab ‘Psycho’ type stab.

turunan  ‘descendent’ | Bahasa Indonesia: keturunan | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

tut (1)  ‘to grind’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

tut (2)  ‘to pound’,’beat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menumbuk | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

tut (bira)  ‘to pound, beat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menumbuk | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

tut bira  ‘to pound, beat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menumbuk | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

tutu  ‘to grow’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tumbuh | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

u  ‘Southeast Asian mancalas’ (game) | Bahasa Indonesia: congklak | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2014.

ua (1)  ‘vein’/’tendon’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010-2019.

ua (2)  ‘shrimp’/’lobster’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ua lima  ‘wash the hands’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cuci tangan | collected on: Sanana, Malbufa village | source: numerous | 2015.

uang  ‘money’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

uha  ‘lobster’/’shrimp’ | Bahasa Indonesia: udang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

uka  ‘to bite’ | (animals, e.g. dog or insect) | Bahasa Indonesia: gigitan, menggigit [gigit] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

uka (nihi)  ‘to bite’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gigit | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

ukur besa  ‘unhappiness’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

ukur pia  ‘happiness’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

ul (1)  ‘caterpillar’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this Holle entry is possibly wrong, as ul means ‘worm’.

ul (2)  ‘earthworm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cacing | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa, Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

ul (3)  ‘small worm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: earthworm | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

ul lai ngai  ‘worm’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: ul lai is ‘worm earth’ but it is unclear what ngai means.

ul nana  ‘earthworm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cacing | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

ulat  ‘worm’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

ule  ‘worm’ | collected on: Mangon | Collins | 1981 | note: see also ul, uli, makahor.

Ulfoa  ‘Urifola village’/’Orifola village’ | Bahasa Indonesia: Kampung Orifola | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2015.

uli (1)  ‘bug’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hama | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

uli (2)  ‘worm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cacing | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa, Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

ulmakodi  ‘earthworm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cacing | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

uma  ‘home’/’house’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rumah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

uma bira  ‘rice-barn’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘rice house’. See also uma pamasi.

uma boba  ‘ridge of roof’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also uma bobu.

uma bobu  ‘ridge of roof’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also uma boba.

uma fuloni  ‘space under the house’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

uma galiha  ‘crawl space beneath stilt house’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

uma nana  ‘sitting platform on farm land’ | Bahasa Indonesia: peron | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: literally ‘small house’.

uma pamasi  ‘rice-barn’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘rice house’. See also uma bira.

Umahoya / Umaoya  ‘Umaloya village’ | Bahasa Indonesia: Kampung Umaloya | collected on: Sanana, Umahoya village | Source: Source: Fagudu tribe | 2014 | note: l > h > Ø is an advanced sound change in Umaloya. Only the h is optionally deleted in uma(h)oya but entire ha syllable can be dropped in fa(ha)hu. To contrast: ‘Sula’ is only Sua and never, *Suha. Could this be because there is a lexical item, suha blocking it? Also, kalau is only kalo and never *kaho, *kao, or *ka. Is this because it is a loan word, or because it is not a medial syllable? See also Fahahu, kalo, Sua, Saloa, Sahoa.

una  ‘crown’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

uni  ‘crown’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

untung (1)  ‘victory’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

untung (2)  ‘profit’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

urara  bluestripe snapper (lutjanus kasmira) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

uru  ‘masseure’/’masseuse’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tukang pijat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

usus  ‘guts’ | Bahasa Indonesia: usus | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia. See also tuka.

uta  ‘vegetables’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

uta fua  ‘eggplant’/’aubergine’ | Bahasa Indonesia: terung | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: literally ‘vegetable fruit’. See also utufua, utufua miti.

uta mahi  ‘seaweed’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: literally ‘ocean vegetable’.

uta uta  ‘vegetable’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sayur-mayur | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

utufua  ‘eggplant’ | Bahasa Indonesia: terong | collected on: Sanana, Umahoya village | Source: Fagudu tribe | 2014 | note: see also uta fua, utufua.

utufua miti  ‘black eggplant’ | Bahasa Indonesia: terong hitam | collected on: Sanana, Umahoya village | Source: Fagudu tribe | 2014 | note: see also uta fua, utufua miti.

utusan  ‘delegate’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

uwa  ‘rattan’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

uwa kadiga  ‘rheumatism’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

uwadu  ‘eel’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

uya  ‘rain’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hujan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

uya (saoa) mahuba  ‘thunderstorm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hujan badai guntur | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

uya bana  ‘light rain’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

uya mahuba telapat  ‘thunderstorm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hujan badai guntur | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wa (1)  ‘to sharpen’/’grind’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also mana, manga, monga, waha.

wa (2)  ‘admit, let in’/’take away’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menerima [terima], mengambil [ambil] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wa (3)  ‘to get’/’to take’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wa (4)  ‘to choose’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memilih | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

wa iku  ‘to choose’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memilih | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

wa ngapu  ‘go head hunting’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: if the Sula people ever practiced headhunting, it was so long ago that a word for it has fallen out of the language.

wa’a nap  ‘go head hunting’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

wag  ‘oil’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see also wagi for Mangon form.

wagi  ‘oil’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see also wag for Sanana form.

waha  ‘to sharpen’/’grind’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also mana, manga, monga, wa.

wahi lal  ‘bush’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

wai  ‘water’/’river’/’stream’ | Bahasa Indonesia: air | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina, (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon, Fagudu, Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

wai aya  ‘large body of water’ | e.g. ‘pond’, ‘lake’, ‘sea’ | Bahasa Indonesia: danau | collected on: Mangon, Wai U village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: literally ‘water’ + ‘big’.

wai bagila  ‘purified water’ | Bahasa Indonesia: air penyulingan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wai bakatai  ‘dirty water’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

wai bayon lal  ‘saliva’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: this literally means ‘water in the mouth’. See also the Mangon form, wai nboni tuka.

wai bena  ‘high tide’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pasang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wai duba  ‘lake’ | Bahasa Indonesia: danau | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

wai ewa (1)  ‘to flow’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mengalir | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

wai ewa (2)  ‘river’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘flowing water’.

wai ewa (3)  ‘flood’ | Bahasa Indonesia: banjir | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wai ewa (kadiga)  ‘flood’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘strong water flow’.

wai fanin  ‘lake’ | Bahasa Indonesia: danau | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

wai hama  ‘source’ | e.g. a water spring | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: literally ‘water eye’.

Wai Ipa  community name | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

wai ita  ‘river valley’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

wai iwa  ‘flood’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also wai ewa.

wai mota  ‘hot water’ | Bahasa Indonesia: air panas | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wai nboni tuka  ‘saliva’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: this literally means ‘water in the mouth’. See also the Sanana form, wai bayon lal.

wai ngapu  ‘source’ | e.g. a water spring | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: literally ‘water head’.

wai pe’i  ‘sap of sugar palm tree’ | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015 | note: literally ‘water’ + ‘sugar palm’.

wai sau  ‘waterfall’ | Bahasa Indonesia: air terjun | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wai yawa  ‘high tide’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pasang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wai-ewa  ‘river | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

Waibao  community name | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

waisum  ‘a water well’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sumur | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: likely loan from Bahasa Indonesia sumur.

Waitebi  Name of town on Mangon Island | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

wak (1)  ‘frog’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan. See also taka er.

wak (2)  ‘love’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cinta | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wak (5)  ‘scoop’ (quantity) | e.g. (1) wak cenke ‘scoop of cloves’ (2) wak ipa ‘scoop of kenari nuts’ (3) wak coklat ‘scoop of cacao’ (4) wak ha’i ‘scoop of earth’ | collected on: Sanana, Waibau village | source: numerous | 2015.

wak (dab) (3)  ‘to remember’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mengingat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wak (dab) (4)  ‘to think’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berpikir | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

waka  ‘root’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

waka, kau waka  ‘root’ | Bahasa Indonesia: akar | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina, (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon, Fagudu, Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

wakdab / wakidabu  ‘to remember’/’to miss’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ingat | collected on: Sanana’ Mangon, Mangon village | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

waki  ‘to think’/’remember’/’miss’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ingat | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also wak.

waki dabu (1)  ‘to think’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berpikir | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

waki dabu (2)  ‘to remember’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mengingat | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

wako  ‘root vegetable’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

waktu  ‘season’/’while’ | Bahasa Indonesia: musim | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia. ‘time’?.

waktu lea  ‘summer’ | Bahasa Indonesia: musim panas | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wama (1)  ‘breast’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

wama (2)  ‘breathe’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bernapas | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wama (3)  ‘asthma’ | Bahasa Indonesia: asma | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wama (4)  ‘breast’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dada | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina, (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon, Fagudu, Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

wama aya  ‘to sigh’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: literally ‘big breath’. See also wama sia.

wama bo lal  ‘inhale’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

wama siya  ‘to sigh’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: literally ‘one breath’. Fossil form of numeral ‘one’ seen also in the numeral ‘nine’, gatasia (minus one). Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also wama aya.

wama sup  ‘exhale’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

wan  ‘bee’/’honey’ | Bahasa Indonesia: madu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

waris  ‘inheritance’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

wariu  ‘to split’ | Bahasa Indonesia: membelah | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

wel gal  ‘nickname’ | Bahasa Indonesia: nama panggilan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

welirang  ‘sulphur’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

weu / weuw / wewi  ‘mango’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mangga | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

weu fua  ‘mango fruit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: buah mangga | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015.

weu hal  ‘mango blossom’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mekar mangga | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015.

weu kau  ‘mango tree’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pohon mangga | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015.

weuw  ‘mango’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

wihi  ‘fan (uchiwa)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kipas tangan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wil (1)  ‘to call’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: archaic.

wil (2)  ‘to swallow’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this is likely an alternate pronunciation of win ‘to drink’. Sula does not usually have widely-known sub-specifying words for larger actions, and wil~win is a natural sound correspondence. That said, there is a word for ‘swallow’, ma lia, and there is also a parallel in ‘to eat’/’to bite’, but the word uka ‘to bite’ applies only to animals biting in the violent sense. It is not acceptable for humans taking a bite of food. For that, a counting word would be used with gaya ‘to eat’—i.e. gaya fat hia ‘to bite’ (literally ‘one eat’).

wila  ‘iguana’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: there are no iguanas on Sula. Lizards are called kebal, and monitor lizards are called komodo.

win  ‘to drink’ | Bahasa Indonesia: minum | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

win (wai)  ‘to drink’ | Bahasa Indonesia: minum | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu, Falahu tribes | 2014.

winti ebi  ‘fishing with a throwing net’ | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: single consultant | 2014.

winu  ‘to drink’ | Bahasa Indonesia: minum | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U, Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

winu / win  ‘to drink’ | Bahasa Indonesia: minum | collected on: Mangon, Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wiwa (1)  ‘sea’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010-2019.

wiwa (2)  ‘to scatter seeds’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

wiya  ‘rain’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: variant pronunciation of uya.

wo / woha  ‘stab’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menusuk | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: numerous | 2015 | note: straight ahead stab in the manner of a jouster.

woha  ‘to stab, pierce’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menikam | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa, Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

wol  ‘boat rudder’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

wosa  ‘admission (entry)’/’including’ | Bahasa Indonesia: masuk, masuk, termasuk | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wosa bo (kamar) ganti  ‘change (rooms)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: (kamar) ganti pakaian (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

wosa moya  ‘excluded’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tidak termasuk | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

ya (1)  ‘mother’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see also nyaya.

ya (2)  ‘points (in a game)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: poin | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

ya (3)  ‘road’/’path’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jalan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

ya aya  ‘main road’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jalan raya | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: ya ‘road’ aya ‘big’.

ya ea  ‘road/path’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jalan | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

ya eya  ‘way’/’road’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also ya aya.

ya eya eya  ‘big pathway’ | Bahasa Indonesia: raya | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014 | note: look into this for localized a>e.

ya nana  ‘small path’/’footpath’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jalan kecil, jalan setapak | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yaeya  ‘road’/’path’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jalan | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

yaeya lal  ‘road’/’path’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jalan | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

yag yag habar  ‘legend’ | e.g. (1) yag yag habar (bo) hai sua ‘a legend about Sula’ (2) yag (yag yag) habar hai Sua bo ak ‘tell me a legend about Sula’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

yaha  ‘tired’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cape | collected on: Sanana, Malbufa village | source: numerous | 2015 | note: see also kol yaha.

yai  ‘leg/foot’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kaki | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu, Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

yai ea  ‘road/path’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jalan | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu, Falahu tribes | 2014.

yai eya aya  ‘big pathway’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jalan raya | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

yai funa  ‘footprint’/’footstep’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

yai hila hama  ‘ankle’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

yai ipa  ‘footprint’/’footstep’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

yai ka’odi  ‘claw’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

yai kahor  ‘claw’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kuku, cakar | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

yai kol  ‘hoof’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: literally ‘leg skin’.

yai lafa  ‘foot (leg)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kaki | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yai pat  ‘broken leg’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010.

yai tia loi  ‘shin’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see tania hoi.

yai tila  ‘calf’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

yai tiya  ‘calf’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

yai wana  ‘toe’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jari kaki | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yaieya  ‘road’/’path’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jalan | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

yakis ihi  ‘cashew nut meat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jambu menteh | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yana  ‘look’/’watch’/’see’ | (with volition, e.g. a film) | Bahasa Indonesia: melihat, menonton | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yana bua in hama  ‘stand a row of dominos to be visible’ | Bahasa Indonesia: meliat anka | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants during same session | 2010–2019 | note: this phrase is interesting, as it is not said to mean a row of dominos stacked for tumbling, but it glosses as ‘see fall POSS eye’. Perhaps it would make sense to someone who understands the rules to the local domino game.

yana yana  ‘see’ | Bahasa Indonesia: melihat [lihat] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yana-yana  ‘lookout’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pengintai | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yanakoa  ‘to eavesdrop’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: as if peeking through a keyhole.

yanana  ‘aisle’ | e.g. between rows of seats as at an event or on an airplane | Bahasa Indonesia: gang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yang  ‘which’/’that’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

yang penting  ‘essential’ | Bahasa Indonesia: yang terpenting | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yanga  ‘to see’ | Bahasa Indonesia: melihat | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

yao  ‘far’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jauh | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

yau (1)  ‘away’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jauh | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yau (2)  ‘far’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jauh | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina, (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon, Fagudu, Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

yawa  ‘down’, ‘drop’, ‘take one’s turn’ | Bahasa Indonesia: turun | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010–2019 | note: as in a game of dominos when one must place a domino down on the table.

yawa bia lida  ‘to descend’ | e.g. from a ladder | Bahasa Indonesia: turun | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this Holle form is incorrect. It means ‘go downhill’. Literally ‘down from mountain’. See also yawa lida.

yawa falihi (baka)  ‘bargain’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menawar [tawar] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yawa falihi (lu)  ‘bargain’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menawar [tawar] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yawa lida  ‘downhill’ | Bahasa Indonesia: turun gunung | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yaya  ‘mother’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ibu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see also nyaya.

yaya goa  ‘funny (for women)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lucu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yeba  ‘to cut, to hack’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memotong | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

yogyog  ‘almost’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hampir | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yoi  ‘room’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kamar | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yom (nui)  ‘to burn’ | (burning coconut shells like when cooking over them) | Bahasa Indonesia: membakar | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

yon  ‘corner’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sudut | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yop  ‘to suck’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mengisap | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

yota  ‘short’/’low’ | (height, length) | Bahasa Indonesia: pendek, rendah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

yota (haiwan)  ‘to hunt’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berburu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: haiwan is a loan from Arabic, hayawan.

yota haiwan  ‘to hunt’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

yota-yota / nish-nish  ‘piece’ | Bahasa Indonesia: potongan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yotu  ‘to hunt’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berburu | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

yoya  ‘crab’/’shrimp’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kepiting, udang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

yoyu nana  ‘aunt MZy’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

yu’u lama  ‘to nod’ | Bahasa Indonesia: anggukan | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

yua  ‘wash’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mencuci | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

yua lima  ‘to hold hands’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berpegangan tangan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.