Chapter 4: lexicon (g-k)

g’u  ‘Two’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dua | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

ga io  ‘a few’/’some’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

ga pila  ‘how many/much’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

ga yai  ‘to shout’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

ga-  ‘cardinal number prefix’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ga-hu  ‘two’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ga-lima  ‘five’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ga-pila  ‘how many’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ga-reha  ‘four’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ga-tel  ‘three’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ga’ iya  ‘one’ | Bahasa Indonesia: satu | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: it would be interesting if this is an accurate transcription and not just logical extension of a pattern. If this is correct, it would mean that, on Mangon, the contraction of ga-hia to giya completed only within the past century.

ga’u  ‘cardinal number two’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dua | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

gaama  ‘to scratch for the purpose of hurting’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mencakar | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gaatua  ‘eight’ | Bahasa Indonesia: delapan | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

gabalil  ‘around’/’surrounding’/’turn’/’circumnavigate’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

gabalili  ‘to turn’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berputar | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gabat  ‘break’/’broken’/’cracked’/’to shatter’ | (object or bone fracture) | Bahasa Indonesia: patah, retak | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

gada  ‘to scratch (an itch)’/’to scratch (for the purpose of hurting)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggaruk | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U, Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gadia  ‘cardinal number four’ | Bahasa Indonesia: empat | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Mangon form. See also gareha.

gaf  ‘to return’/’embarking on a return’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pulang | collected on: Sanana, Malbufa village | source: single consultant | 2015 | note: see also bihu, pihu.

gahia  ‘single, alone’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bujuang, dirian | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

gahiya moyu / gahiya moya  ‘none (not one)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tak satupun, tidak ada | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

gahoa / gaoa / goa  ‘why’/’how’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bagaimana | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

gahu (1)  cardinal number ‘two’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dua | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Sanana form. See also guu.

gahu (2)  ‘to dig’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggali | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also geka, gika, bau leu.

gahu (3)  ‘to scratch (an itch)’/’to scratch (for the purpose of hurting)’ | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gahu, ga’u, g’u, gu  ‘two’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

gahui  ‘to dig’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggali | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gai  ‘to dig’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggali | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

gaika  ‘as’/’like’ | Bahasa Indonesia: seperti | location: unknown | source: Umaternate | 2013.

gaji  ‘fat/grease’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lemak | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina, (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon, Falahu | 2014.

gajigat  ‘fat/grease’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lemak | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

galas(i)  ‘glass’/’cup’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gelas | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: loan.

galema  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the spotted eagle ray (aetobatus narinari) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

galima  ‘cardinal number five’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lima | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010-2019.

gam  ‘betel leaf’ | Bahasa Indonesia: daun sirih | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

gama  ‘to scratch for the purpose of hurting’/’to injure’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mencakar | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2014.

gama (nana)  ‘child’ | Bahasa Indonesia: anak | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

gamahi  ‘salty’ | Bahasa Indonesia: asin | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

gamam  ‘dark’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

gamana  ‘onward’/’forward’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kedepan | collected on: Sanana, Pastina village | source: single consultant | 2014.

gamat putar  ‘to turn’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berputar | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gambir  ‘uncaria gambir’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gambir | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: likely loan.

gami  ‘squeeze’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memeras | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

gami (1)  ‘to squeeze’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memeras | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

gami (2)  ‘to hold in hands’ | collected on: Mangon, Kampung Waitina | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

gami / gam  ‘to squeeze’/’pinch’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memeras | collected on: Mangon, Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also ami / am.

gamiha  ‘pure, clean, smooth’ | e.g. a clean room | Bahasa Indonesia: bersih | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

gampang pama  ‘fragile (easy break) ‘ | Bahasa Indonesia: gampang pecah | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

gampang para  ‘easy’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gampang | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

gamuda  ‘to grunt’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mendengus | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

gamuli  pinktail triggerfish (Melichthys vidua) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

gan (1)  ‘in the manner of’/’such as’ | Bahasa Indonesia: seperti | location: unknown | source: Umaternate | 2013.

gan (2)  ‘with’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ganao  ‘what’ | Bahasa Indonesia: apa | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see also hapa, opa.

gandu  ‘corn (maize)’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

gane(ː

)  ‘cardinal number six’ | Bahasa Indonesia: enam | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

ganei  ‘cardinal number six’ | Bahasa Indonesia: enam | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

ganeka  ‘oh, I see’ | Bahasa Indonesia: Oh begitu | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2015.

ganika, ga’iki  ‘like (in the manner of)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

ganoa  ‘why’/’how’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kenapa, bagaimana | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

ganoki  ‘why’/’how’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kenapa, bagaimana | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

gapila (1)  ‘how many/much’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berapa | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

gapila (2)  ‘some’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

gapila gapila  ‘some’ | Bahasa Indonesia: beberapa | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

gapilaapa  ‘some’ | Bahasa Indonesia: beberapa | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

gapit  ‘cardinal number seven’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tujuh | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Sanana form. See also gapitu.

gapitu  ‘cardinal number seven’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tujuh | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gar  ‘corn’ | (maize) | Bahasa Indonesia: jagung | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

garea  ‘four’ | Bahasa Indonesia: empat | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gareha  ‘cardinal number four’ | Bahasa Indonesia: empat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

garum  ‘shade’/’shadow’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bayangan, teduh | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

gas  ‘salt’ | Bahasa Indonesia: garam | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa, Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gas / gasi  ‘salt’ | Bahasa Indonesia: garam | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: Sanana form. (Ternate loan?).

gasi  ‘salt’ | Bahasa Indonesia: garam | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gasu  ‘ebb’ | (tidal movement) | Bahasa Indonesia: surut | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see also it.

gat  ‘to choke’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tersedak | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010-2019 | note: Sanana form. See also gati.

gata  ‘tongs’ | Bahasa Indonesia: penjepit | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

gatahua, gata’ua, gatauwa, gatua  ‘cardinal number eight’ | Bahasa Indonesia: delapan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘minus two’ (from ten).

gatasia, gatasiya  ‘cardinal number nine’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sembilan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘minus one’ (from ten).

gatel  ‘cardinal number three’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tiga | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010-2019 | note: Sanana form. See also gatelu.

gatelo  ‘cardinal number three’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tiga | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gatelu  ‘cardinal number three’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tiga | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gati (1)  ‘to choke’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tersedak | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: Mangon form. See also gat.

gati (2)  ‘narrow’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sempit | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gatilu  ‘cardinal number three’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tiga | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Mangon form. See also gatel.

gatsia  ‘cardinal number nine’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sembilan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

gatua  ‘cardinal number eight’ | Bahasa Indonesia: delapan | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

gatua, gat-hua, gatahua  ‘Eight’ | Bahasa Indonesia: delapan | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

gau  ‘cardinal number two’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dua | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

gawai  ‘to scratch for the purpose of hurting’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mencakar | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau; (Mangon) Kampung Kou | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu, Falahu tribes | 2014.

gawak  ‘to hold’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggenggam | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gaya (1)  ‘win’/’score points’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mendapat angka | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: literally ‘consume’ (points).

gaya (2)  ‘to eat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: makan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: See also giya. The distribution and selection of gaya / giya could practically be a dissertation in its own right. This term has come to embody a social identity marker for the Sula tribes. When asked what dialect is spoken, it is common to respond, ‘we’re a giya (or gaya) village’.

gaya (3)  ‘food’ | Bahasa Indonesia: makan | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gaya hok  ‘breakfast’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sarapan | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2010–2019.

gaya tulunga  ‘credit bondsman’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bondman kredit | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

gayai  ‘to yell’ | (a happy or neutral yell) | Bahasa Indonesia: berteriak | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

ge  ‘rear (location)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: belakang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

gega  ‘to awaken’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

gega (ol)  ‘to awaken’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bangun | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

gehi (1)  ‘to stand’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berdiri | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also geli.

gehi (2)  ‘back’ | (back part of body or object) | Bahasa Indonesia: belakang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

gehi (3)  ‘behind’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

gehi fat  ‘back’ | Bahasa Indonesia: punggung | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

gek  ‘name of a squirrel sized marsupial’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tupai Sula | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2019 | note: see also geki.

geka (1)  ‘dig’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggali | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

geka (2)  ‘pain’/’painful’/’ill’/’sick’/’sore’/’hurt’ | Bahasa Indonesia: perasaan, sakit | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

geka dahi bakatai  ‘period pain (menstrual)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sakit menstruasi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

geki  ‘striped squirrel’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tupai | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: numerous | 2015 | note: see also gek.

geli  ‘stand’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berdiri | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see also gehi.

gem  ‘to hold’/’to grab’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggenggam | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

gem (kati)  ‘to hold’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggenggam | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gem kat  ‘to hold’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggenggam | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gem lima  ‘to shake hands’/’to hold hands’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berjabat, bersalaman | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

gemiha  ‘cleaning’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pembersihan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

gemu  ‘to hold’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggenggam | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gena (1)  ‘to hear’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mendengar | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gena (2)  ‘echo’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gema | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous consultants during same session | 2014 | note: I was skeptical of this translation, as gema means ‘echo’ in Indonesian, and gena also means simply ‘to hear’ in Sula, but the consultants reassured that they understood what I was asking.

geni  ‘to hear’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mendengar | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

genli  ‘like’/’in the manner of’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

gi  ‘they (male)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this is almost certainly in error. gi- is a pre-verbal pronominal agreement marker.

gi-  Formal agreement marker | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

gia  ‘cardinal number one’ | Bahasa Indonesia: satu | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Mangon form. See also hia.

gia / giya  ‘to eat’/’food’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: See also gaya. The distribution and selection of gaya / giya could practically be a dissertation in its own right. This term has come to embody a social identity marker for the Sula tribes. When asked what dialect is spoken, it is common to respond, ‘we’re a giya (or gaya) village’.

gid  ‘pull’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menarik | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

gifu  ‘to open’/’uncover’ | Bahasa Indonesia: membuka | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

gigi (1)  ‘to carry something that hangs from the hand’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

gigi (2)  ‘to bite’ | (human) | Bahasa Indonesia: gigit | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

gihi fat  ‘back’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | 2014.

gika  ‘to dig’ | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2014 | note: see also geka, gahu, bau leu.

gili / gihi  ‘to stand’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: see also gehi, geli.

gim barin  ‘to carry in the hand’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

gin ba dini  ‘to carry in the hand’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

gina  ‘to hear’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: variant of gena.

gingga matua  ‘brown’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

ginggi  ‘to carry something that hangs from the hand’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

giya (1)  ‘to eat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: makan | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

giya (2)  ‘cardinal number one’ | Bahasa Indonesia: satu | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina, (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon, Falahu | 2014.

go’a neka  ‘how?’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bagaimana | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

goa bal  ‘why’/’how’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kenapa, bagaimana | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

gocifa  ‘raft’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

gofata  ‘wife’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: fata is ‘wife’. It is unclear what go- means.

goga  ‘on’ | e.g. on a tree | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

goha (1)  ‘sacred place’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: likely loan.

goha (2)  ‘noisy’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ribut | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

goi  ‘bottom (posterior)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pantat | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: also collected as ‘vulva’ (vulgar) in Ulfoa village.

goi foka  ‘posterior’/’buttock’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also ngoi foku.

goi fur  ‘tail bone’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

goiyon  ‘bottom (posterior)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pantat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

=

gon  ‘belongs to’ (first-person possessors) | e.g. as neka ak gon ‘that dog is mine’ | Bahasa Indonesia: milik | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: Possessive morpheme. See also non.

gora  ‘Malay apple’/’mountain apple’/’rose apple’/’syzygium malaccense’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jambu bol | collected on: Sanana, Waibau village, Mangon, Capuli village | source: numerous | 2015.

got  ‘to pinch’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mencubit | collected on: Sanana | source: Mangon Tribe, Mangon village on Sanana | 2015.

gu  ‘cardinal number two’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dua | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Mangon form. See also gahu.

gu-  Second-person singular and Second-person plural agreement marker | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: It is difficult to reach consensus on the second-person plural pronominal prefix, and it seems to typically be omitted in speech.

guː

  ‘two’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

gua  ‘sugar’/’syrup’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

gua mia  ‘palm sugar’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gula aren | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015 | note: literally ‘red’ + ‘sugar’.

gub  ‘full’ | (both location full of people and container full of a substance) | Bahasa Indonesia: penuh, ramai | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

guifa  ‘sister-in-law WBW’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

gul  ‘porridge’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: note: possibly borrowed from a cognate of ‘gruel’? Sanana form. See also guli.

guli  ‘porridge’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: possibly borrowed from a cognate of ‘gruel’? Mangon form. See also gul.

gumamoro  ‘daughterinlaw’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

gunana mata mihi  ‘son-in-law’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

guntami mama  ‘respective parents of the married couple’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

guntua  ‘husband’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

guntur  ‘thunder’ | Bahasa Indonesia: guntur | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

gut  ‘cut’/’scissors’ | e.g. cutting hair | Bahasa Indonesia: luka, gunting | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

guti nap  ‘barber’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tukang cukur | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

guu  ‘cardinal number two’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dua | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

ha’i  ‘earth’/’soil’/’sand’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tanah | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

hafa  ‘north’ | Bahasa Indonesia: utara | collected on: Sanana, Waibau village | source: single consultant | 2015 | note: it is likely that hifa and hafa originally meant something akin to north and south, but only one consultant provided this definition. For most speakers the terms have come to represent non-specific opposing directions like ‘to and fro’. They are often translated as ‘left and right’ (kiri/kanan) but when asked which is kiri or which is kanan, the answer is ‘neither’.

hai  ‘Earth’/’island’/’land’/’country’/’soil’/’sand’ | e.g. (country) (1) Hai Africa, (2) Hai Sua, (3) Hai Europa | Bahasa Indonesia: bumi, pulau, tanah, negara | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

hai bopa  ‘dust cloud’/’plume’ | (e.g. drop something onto dusty soil) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

hai dewika / hai dawika  ‘Tomorrow’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

hai duika  ‘tomorrow’ | Bahasa Indonesia: besok | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

hai lib  ‘plain’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

hai mai (1)  ‘dust’ | Bahasa Indonesia: debu | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2014.

hai mai (2)  ‘ash’ | Bahasa Indonesia: abu | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

hai Mangon / hai Mangoni  ‘Mangole Island’ | Bahasa Indonesia: Pulau Mangole / Pulau Mangoli / Pulau Mongole / Pulau Mongoli | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015 | note: also, less commonly, lai Mangon.

hai mota  ‘forest fire’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘island hot’.

hai Sua  ‘the Sula Islands’/’Sanana Island’/’Sula lands’ | Bahasa Indonesia: Sula, kepulauan Sula, Xulla Bessi, Pulau Sula | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015 | note: also, less commonly, lai Sua.

hai Taliab / hai Taliabu  ‘Taliabu Island’ | Bahasa Indonesia: Pulau Taliabu | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015 | note: also, less commonly, lai Taliabu.

hai yon  ‘countryside’ | Bahasa Indonesia: daerah luar kota | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

haiwan  ‘bird’ | Bahasa Indonesia: burung | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

haiwan / haiwani  ‘animal’ | Bahasa Indonesia: binatang | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Arabic, hayawan.

haiwan foa  ‘feather’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bulu | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

haiwan ihi  ‘meat/flesh’ | Bahasa Indonesia: daging | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

haiwan kao goga  ‘bird’ | Bahasa Indonesia: burung | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

haiwan pakiaki  ‘to hunt’ | collected on: Sanana, Kampung Umaloya | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

hak  ‘owner’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pemilik | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

haka  ‘to grill’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

hakim  ‘judge’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

hakkot (1)  ‘hug’/’embrace’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memeluk [peluk] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

hakkot (2)  ‘to hold’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggenggam | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

haku  ‘to cook rice’ | collected on: Mangon, CMD villages | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

haku (bira)  ‘to cook’/’boil’ | (particularly rice) | Bahasa Indonesia: menanak | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2014.

hal (1)  ‘to blossom’/’flower’ | e.g. kau bahal ‘blossoming tree’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mekar | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015 | note: see also bahal.

hal (2)  ‘problem’ | e.g. hal eb ‘big problem’ | Bahasa Indonesia: masalah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

hama (1)  ‘color’ | Bahasa Indonesia: warna | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

hama (2)  ‘eye’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mata | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

hama ba sagil  ‘squinting’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

hama ka’ok  ‘visually impaired’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gangguan penglihatan permanen | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

hama kaok  ‘blind’ | e.g. hama ka’ok ‘eyes blind’ | Bahasa Indonesia: buta | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also (lama) ka’oki.

hama wai  ‘tears’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

hamadoa  ‘sleepy’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mengantuk | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

han (1)  ‘near’/’almost’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dekat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

han (neka) (2)  ‘who’ | Bahasa Indonesia: siapa | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

han han  ‘close’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berdekatan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

han, ani  ‘who’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

han, baka han  ‘by’/’near’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

han, mak han  ‘by’/’near’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

hana  ‘angry’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

handfon  ‘mobile phone’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

hapa  ‘what’ | Bahasa Indonesia: apa | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also ganao, opa.

hapa da  ‘what else’ | Bahasa Indonesia: apa lagi | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2015.

hapa, opa  ‘what’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

haram  ‘forbidden’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: loan from Arabic.

harja  ‘to knit’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

harp  ‘to want (something)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

hasi  ‘to tell a lie’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

hasoya  ‘answer’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menjawab | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

hebat (1)  ‘serious’/’severe’ | Bahasa Indonesia: serius | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

hebat (2)  ‘specialist’/’unusual’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ahli, luar | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

hebat pel  ‘special’ | Bahasa Indonesia: istimewa | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

hebat totoya  ‘very serious’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

heha  ‘under’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

heka  ‘want’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

hen  ‘to carry’ | (when carrying something in a basket that is worn as a backpack) | collected on: Sanana, Umahoya village | Source: Fagudu tribe | 2014.

hi  ‘main posts’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I don’t understand the Holle gloss.

hia (1)  ‘cardinal number one’ | Bahasa Indonesia: satu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Sanana form. See also gia.

hia (2)  ‘a few’/’some’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this is almost certainly erroneous.

hia bahoa  ‘which’ | Bahasa Indonesia: yang mana | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

hia bahoa,  ‘which’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

hia baoa  ‘which’ | Bahasa Indonesia: yang mana | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

hia baoa, hia boa  ‘which’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

hia da  ‘once again’/’once more’ | Bahasa Indonesia: satu lagi | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2015.

hia moya  ‘none’/’no one’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

hia tuna  ‘one before’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

hiamoya  ‘no one’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

hidup  ‘live’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

hidup susa  ‘miserable life’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010 | note: literally ‘impoverished life’.

hifa  ‘south’ | e.g. hifa hafa ‘to and fro’ | Bahasa Indonesia: selatan | collected on: Sanana, Waibau village | source: single consultant | 2015 | note: it is likely that hifa and hafa originally meant something akin to north and south, but only one consultant provided this definition. For most speakers the terms have come to represent non-specific opposing directions like ‘to and fro’. They are often translated as ‘left and right’ (kiri/kanan) but when asked which is kiri or which is kanan, the answer is ‘neither’.

hifa hata  ‘to and fro’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

hik, kau hik  ‘grass’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rumput | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

hika  ‘to confess’ | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2014 | note: see also niki.

hira  ‘lose’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menghilangkan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

hisa  ‘fence’/’hedge’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pagar | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010–2019 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

hit  ‘fire place’/’hearth’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

hitam  ‘fog’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kabut | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

hitu  ‘fire place’/’hearth’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

ho’i  ‘bone’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tulang | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu, Facei tribes | 2014.

ho’i / hoi  ‘bone’ | collected on: Mangon, Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: glottal stop depends on speaker and village.

hoba  ‘sprout’/’shoot’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

hoi (1)  ‘to open’ | (e.g. a business) | Bahasa Indonesia: membuka, buka | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010-2019 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

hoi (2)  ‘to uncover’ | (e.g. a container) | Bahasa Indonesia: membuka | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

hoi (3)  ‘bone’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tulang | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

hoi (4)  thorn’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

hoi min  ‘hankerchief’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

hosa  ‘leaf’ | Bahasa Indonesia: daun | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

hosa babir  ‘decorative plant commonly found in front of Sula homes’ | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: numerous | 2015 | note: image 2197.

hosa, kau hosa  ‘leaf’ | Bahasa Indonesia: daun | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu, Falahu tribes | 2014.

hua  ‘vein’ | Bahasa Indonesia: urat darah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also ua.

hui  ‘to scrape’ | e.g. scrape young coconut flesh from shell | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: numerous | 2015.

hukuman  ‘to punish’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

huruf  ‘letter’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

hut ap  ‘to make a fire’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

i  ‘yes’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also io.

i / ‘i  ‘this’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ini | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: possible abbreviation of iki.

i- (1)  Third singular agreement marker (human & nonhuman) | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

i- (2)  Third-person plural agreement marker | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ia  ‘Street’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

ia fai  ‘country’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

ia fai aya  ‘town (capital)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

ia fai lal  ‘population’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

ianga kau, tanu  ‘to spy’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

iayu  ‘a type of grass’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

ib  ‘much’/’many’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: unclear if this represents a sound change or just different vowel perception in the interviewer. The modern form is eb.

ibu  ‘much’/’many’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: unclear if this represents a sound change or just different vowel perception in the interviewer. The modern form is ebu.

if  ‘to open, uncover’ | Bahasa Indonesia: membuka | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

ihi (1)  Third-person plural pronoun | Bahasa Indonesia: mereka | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: takes preverbal agreement marker i-.

ihi (2)  ‘meat’/’flesh’ | Bahasa Indonesia: daging | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

ihi domba  ‘mutton’ | Bahasa Indonesia: daging domba (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

ihi fata  ‘body’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

iju  ‘green’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hijau | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: likely loan from Bahasa Indonesia hijau.

ik (1)  ‘now’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sekarang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: There are multiple Sanana and Mangon forms. See also ika, iki.

ik (3)  ‘neck’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

ik, iki, ika (2)  ‘here’/’this’/’it’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ini, di sini | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: There are multiple Sanana and Mangon forms. See also ika, iki, isuka, saik, saiki, saiya, sit iki, deha saik, siku.

ika (1)  ‘now’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sekarang | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: There are multiple Sanana and Mangon forms. See also ik, iki.

ika (2)  ‘here’/’this’/’it’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ini, di sini | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: There are multiple Sanana and Mangon forms. See also ik, iki, isuka, saik, saiki, saiya, sit iki, deha saik, siku.

iki (1)  ‘now’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sekarang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: final i likely comes from paragogic echo or linking vowels that seem to be found in some Sanana forms. There are multiple Sanana and Mangon forms. See also ika, ik, isuka, saik, saiki, saiya, sit iki, deha saik, siku.

iki (2)  ‘here’/’this’/’it’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ini, di sini | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: final i likely comes from epenthetic linking vowels in some Sanana forms. There are multiple Sanana and Mangon forms. See also ika, ik, isuka, saik, saiki, saiya, sit iki, deha saik, siku.

iki wai  ‘neck’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

ikina  ‘yonder’| collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ikinfa  ‘their things’ | Bahasa Indonesia: barangnya | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: The Holle entry is in error. This term means ‘this thing’/’these things’.

iku  ‘here’/’this’/’it’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ini, di sini | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: CMD form. In accommodating to Mangon speakers, CMD speakers (especially in Ulfoa village) would re-add final vowels that were dropped in Sanana. The chosen vowel did not always match the Mangon target though. This is not unlike speakers of British dialects that have dropped initial h re-adding it to words beginning with vowels when talking to English speakers of other dialects (I’ll ave an happle please). See also isuka, saik, saiki, saiya, sit iki, deha saik, siku.

ila  ‘beside’/’side’ | (e.g. side of street) | Bahasa Indonesia: di samping, pinggir | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

ila hia  ‘next to, across’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di samping, seberang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

ila kul / ila kuli  ‘right side’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kanan | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2010–2019 | note: is ila a synonym of lima (perhaps metathesis?).

ila neu  ‘below’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di bawah | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

ila tapa  ‘left side’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kiri | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2010–2019 | note: is ila a synonym of lima (perhaps metathesis?).

ila-pon  ‘side’/’beside’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ilahia selatan  ‘south’ | Bahasa Indonesia: selatan (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

ili  ‘s/he’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2010-2019 | note: third-person human pronoun (antiquated). See also ki’i.

ilinifa  ‘their things’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

ima  ‘eel’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

imut  ‘cute’ | Bahasa Indonesia: imut | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: three to five consultants | 2015 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

=in  POSSESSIVE CLITIC | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

in pahu gan  ‘type’ | Bahasa Indonesia: macam | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

in sana  ‘branch’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dahan | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

in-pani  ‘wing’ | collected on: Mangon, CMD villages | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ina  ‘that’ | Bahasa Indonesia: itu | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

ing kina  ‘like’/’in the manner of’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

inpan  ‘wing’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sayap | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

io  ‘yes’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ya | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

ipa  ‘kenari nut’ (canarium) | Bahasa Indonesia: kenari | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015 | note: see also kam.

ipa fua  ‘kenari fruit'(canarium) | Bahasa Indonesia: buah kenari | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015 | note: see also kam.

ipa hal  ‘kenari blossom'(canarium) | Bahasa Indonesia: mekar kenari | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015 | note: see also kam.

ipa kau  ‘kenari tree’ (canarium) | Bahasa Indonesia: pohon kenari | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015 | note: see also kam.

iru oka  ‘ladle’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

iru ongku  ‘ladle’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

isa  ‘brush’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sikat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

istarat  ‘straights’ | e.g. between islands | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

isuka  ‘here’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ini, di sini | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see also saik, saiki, saiya, sit iki, deha saik, siku.

isuka, isuna  ‘here’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

isuna  ‘there’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see also semana.

it  ‘border’/’boundary’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

it / ‘it  ‘ebb tide’ | Bahasa Indonesia: air surut | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see also gasu.

it wama  ‘to breath’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

iti  ‘border’/’boundary’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

iya  ‘this’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ini | location: unknown | source: Umaternate | 2013.

iya fai tuka  ‘population’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

iyo  ‘yes’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ja  ‘net’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jala | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

ja soma  ‘net’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

jaga  ‘to watch’/’to guard’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also kapita.

jagajaga  ‘protect’ | Bahasa Indonesia: melindungi [lindung] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

jahi  ‘curtain’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

jangela  ‘window’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jendela (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

Januari  ‘January’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

jao  ‘a god’ | (nonspecific) | Bahasa Indonesia: dewa | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

japat tatoya  ‘speed (velocity), rapid’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kecepatan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

jara  ‘horse’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: possible loan from Bahasa Jawa.

jara ban li  ‘to neigh (horse sound)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

jawab  ‘answer’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jawaban (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010–2019.

jengela  ‘window’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

jepat pama  ‘fragile (easy break) ‘ | Bahasa Indonesia: gampang pecah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

jere  ‘sacred place’ | Bahasa Indonesia: (tempat) keramat (Loan?) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: This is likely a loan from Ternate.

jeri  ‘sacred place’ | Bahasa Indonesia: (tempat) keramat (Loan?) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: This was likely borrowed as jere from Ternate.

jinggo  ‘beard’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

jo  ‘The God (specific)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan. See also jao.

joget  ‘dance’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tarian | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

jonson  ‘dugout canoe with a motor attached’ | collected on: Sanana, Umahoya village | Source: Fagudu tribe | 2014 | note: loan from defunct ‘Johnson Brothers Motor Company’ maker of outboard boat motors beginning in the early 1900s. See also lota, bodi.

jub (1)  ‘bow’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

jub (2)  ‘to shoot with bow’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memanah | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U, Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

jub (3)  ‘quiver’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I am skeptical of this Holle entry. This term likely means ‘bow’ and only represents a ‘quiver’ through metonymy.

jubi.

bapana  ‘to shoot a bow’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memanah | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

jubi (1)  ‘shooting a bow and arrow’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memanah | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014.

jubi (2)  ‘fishing with a spear gun’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

jugur  ‘teacher’ | Bahasa Indonesia: guru | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: likely loan.

Juli  ‘July’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

Juni  ‘June’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ka / ‘ka  ‘bite’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: possible abbreviation of uka.

ka fin  ‘mosquito’ | Bahasa Indonesia: nyamuk | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

ka-  First plural (exclusive) agreement marker | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ka’ik  ‘grass’/’weeds’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rumput | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: Sanana form. See also Mangon forms kahiku and ka’iku.

ka’iku  ‘grass’/’weeds’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rumput | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | 2014 | note: antiquatted Mangon form. This was accepted by Mangon speakers when prompted, but it was never recorded produced with a glottal stop. See also Sanana forms kahik, and ka’ik.

ka’ipa  ‘steps’/’stairs’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tangga | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also kahepa.

ka’mi.a  ‘sand’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pasir | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

ka’odi  ‘nail’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

ka’oki  ‘blind’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also (hama) kaok.

ka’opa  ‘octopus’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gurita | collected on: Ternate | source: Mangon tribe member living on Ternate | 2010-2019.

ka’or  ‘nail’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

kabares  ‘bad’/’evil’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jahat | collected on: Mangon, Wai U village | source: numerous | 2014.

kabaresi  ‘bad’/’evil’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jahat | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

kabosan pel  ‘boring’ | Bahasa Indonesia: membosankan (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kabu  lagoon triggerfish/humuhumunukunukuāpuaʻa (rhinecanthus aculeatus) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

kabures  ‘bad, evil’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jahat | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

kabut  ‘fog’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

kachan ihi  ‘peanut meat’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

kadaan  ‘weather’ | e.g. hai dewika kadaan bisa/birahi ‘tomorrow will be good/pretty weather’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cuaca | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kadal  ‘lizard’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

kadiga (1)  ‘hard’/’stale’ | e.g. stale bread | Bahasa Indonesia: keras | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

Kadiga (2)  ‘strong’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kuat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

kadiga (3)  ‘very’/’extremely’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sekali | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

kaf  ‘to hold as one would a baby’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggenggam | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

kafi  ‘to hold’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggenggam | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

kafi / kaf  ‘to cary in front of oneself’ | collected on: Mangon, Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kafida  ‘humid’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lembab | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kafin (1)  ‘mosquito’ | Bahasa Indonesia: nyamuk | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kafin (2)  ‘butterfly’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kupu-kupu | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014 | note: produced by only one speaker. See also lapa lapa, la’apa, ma’apa.

kafini  ‘mosquito’ | Bahasa Indonesia: nyamuk | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U, Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

kafui  ‘chickpea’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kacang panjang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kag  ‘to fear’ | Bahasa Indonesia: takut | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

kag / kagi  ‘afraid’/’fear’/’awful’ | e.g. (1) kag moya pel ‘don’t be afraid anymore’ (2) kag kadiga ‘extreme fear’ | Bahasa Indonesia: takut | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also Mangon form kagi.

kagi  ‘to fear’ | Bahasa Indonesia: takut | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015 | note: see also Sanana form kag.

kaha  ‘rafter’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kahepa  ‘stairs’/’ladder’ | e.g. (1) bena lepa do kahepa ‘climb up with the ladder’ (2) bena do kahepa lepa ‘climb with the ladder up’ (3) yawa neu do kahepa ‘go down with the ladder’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tangga | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kahik  ‘grass’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rumput | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa, Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

kahik / kahiku  ‘grass’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rumput | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010-2019 | note: see also ka’ik, ka’iku.

kahor  ‘claw’/’tallon’/’fingernail’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kuku, cakar | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010-2019 | note: see also kodi for Mangon form.

kahu  ‘to scratch an itch’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggaruk | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

kai fa’oii  ‘bride price’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

kai falihi  ‘bride price’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

kai iti  ‘sap’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

kaihi  ‘fishing hook’/’fishing lure’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kail, umpan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kaik  ‘grass’ | (alive outside) | Bahasa Indonesia: rumput | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

kailupa / kai lupa  ‘kapok tree’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kapok | collected on: Sanana, Malbufa village and East Sanana | source: numerous | 2010-2019 | note: this is a very large tree, closely related to but somewhat smaller than the kapok tree of south America and West Africa. The silk from its seed pods is used as stuffing for pillows and mattresses. It is also highly flammable and used for fire tinder.

kak / kaka  ‘older sibling’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also fuk.

kak fina / kaka fina  ‘older sister’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kakak perempuan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also fuk fina.

kak maana / kaka maana  ‘older brother’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kakak laki-laki | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also fuk maana.

kaka-hoi  ‘outdoors’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

kaka’al  ‘attic (under the roof)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

kakahoi  ‘outside’ | Bahasa Indonesia: luar | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2010–2019.

kakatua  ‘parrot’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kaki  ‘older sibling’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

kakon  ‘yellow’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kuning | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: also used by some for ‘pink’, but I’m not sure this is standard.

kakoni  ‘yellow’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kuning | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U, Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

kakui  ‘insect’ | Bahasa Indonesia: serangga | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kakui bina  ‘ant’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kal  ‘woven basket backpack’ | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: two to three consultants | 2015 | note: see also saloi. image 2201.

kalea  ‘kidney’/’waist’ | e.g. kalea geka ‘kidney disease’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ginjal, pinggang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kalea-keka  ‘kidney disease’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

kalebasa  ‘gourd’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kaleo  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the soldierfish (myripristis) | collected on: Mangon, Mangon village | source: Mangon tribal members who are (non-fishermen) | 2014.

kaleofua  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the bigeye (heteropriacanthus cruentatus) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

kaleu  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the blotcheye soldierfish (myripristis berndti) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

kalibas  ‘gourd’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kalo  ‘if’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kalau | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kalu, kalo  ‘if’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kalau | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

kam (1)  First plural (inclusive) pronoun | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I am not sure whether this Holle entry is erroneous. There is considerable semantic drift among pronouns an various remote locations. Interestingly, this does not seem to cause problems. The pronouns as I present them include kam as exclusive, and that also agrees with Collins, 1981. My pronoun presentation seems to be the most widespread usage, although this is harder to quantify than it might seem, as people tend to use pronouns a certain way but then get confused when they are asked to think about and report how they are using them. Also compounding the confusion: an exclusivity contrast does not commonly exist in practice, and that tends to confuse speakers when asked to report correct usage. This phenomenon is similar to asking most English speakers to explain correct usage of thou, thee, and thine (or even whom for that matter).

kam (2)  ‘large type of kenari nut/canarium’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kacang kenari | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: two to three consultants | 2015 | note: see also ipa.

kam (3)  First plural (exclusive) pronoun | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

kam / kami  ‘we’ | (exclusive) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010-2019.

kam kam  ‘seven’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tujuh | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

kamatua  ‘woods’/’forest’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hutan | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

kami  ‘we’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kami | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

kami tina  ‘beach’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

kamia mayoki  ‘sandbank’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

kaminca  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the threadfin butterflyfish (chaetodon auriga) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

kamiya  ‘sand’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

kamiya miti  ‘black sand’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: the contemporary form is kuma wai miti.

kampung  ‘village (town)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: desa, kampung | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

kamu kau  ‘loin cloth’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this has likely fallen out of the language.

kan  ‘wound, injury’ | Bahasa Indonesia: luka | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kan hosa  ‘leaf’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: kan is archaic. kau is more common.

kan hut  ‘fire wood’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also kau tona.

kan leha  ‘rash (general)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ruam | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kan liha  ‘scar’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also kani lia.

kan mafai  ‘bruise’ | Bahasa Indonesia: luka memar | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kana  ‘jar’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kendi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kani lia  ‘scar’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2010 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also kan liha.

kanou  ‘sugar palm’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kanum  ‘dibble’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

kao  ‘tree’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

kao fua  ‘fruit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: buah | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

kaopet  ‘branch’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dahan | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

kapa oba  ‘to close’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menutup [tutup] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kapahaba au  ‘wall (bamboo)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

kapal  ‘ship’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kapal (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: used for larger ships than lota.

kapal ap  ‘steamboat’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

kapal udara  ‘airplane’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

kapala desa  ‘chief’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pemimpin (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kapala-desa  ‘village-head’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

kapamid  ‘bait’ | Bahasa Indonesia: umpan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kapamid kau  ‘fishing rod’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tangkai pancing | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kapatut  ‘mortar (culinary)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kapatut nana  ‘pounder’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this would mean ‘little pounder’.

kapita  ‘guard’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

karabu  ‘ear-clip’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

karan  ‘kite bird’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

karica  ‘parakeet’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kartas  ‘paper’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kasa  ‘sprout’/’shoot’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

kasafohi / kasafoi  ‘grass’/’ground’/’floor’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rumput | collected on: Sanana; Mangon, Wai U village | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: ‘grass’ is the literal meaning. ‘floor’ and ‘ground’ are metonymy.

kasafoi  ‘woven grass mat’ | (on floor of house) | Bahasa Indonesia: rumput | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

kasawari  ‘cassowary’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kasbi  ‘casava’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

kasbi ihi  ‘casava meat’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

kastela (1)  ‘sweet potato’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ubi jalar | collected on: Sanana, Malbufa village | source: two to three consultants | 2015 | note: this term only means cassava outside of Malbufa.

kastela (2)  ‘potato’/’cassava root’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

kasur  ‘mattress’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kasur (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kat  ‘taro’ | Bahasa Indonesia: talas | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015.

kata (1)  ‘different’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010 | note: uncommonly used.

kata (2)  ‘word’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

kata (3)  say’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

kata niga  ‘ceiling beams’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

katageya  ‘addiction’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kecanduan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

katefa  ‘blister’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lepuh | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kati  ‘device for weighing and measuring a malleable substance’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

katim  ‘cucumber’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ketimun | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

katimu  ‘cucumber’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ketimun | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

katimun  ‘cucumber’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ketimun | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

katinggu  ‘crow’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kau (1)  ‘tree’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pohon, kayu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kau (2)  ‘stick’/’wood’/’stalk’/’post’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kayu | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina, (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon, Fagudu, Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

kau (3)  ‘to cut, hack’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

kau (4)  ‘to cut, hack’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: this entry is likely analogy.

kau ap  ‘firewood’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kayu bakar | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kau bakunu  ‘morinda atrocarpus’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kau fua fatia  ‘a piece of fruit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sebiji buah | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu, Falahu tribes | 2014.

kau hal  ‘flower’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bunga | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

kau in hosa  ‘leaf’ | Bahasa Indonesia: daun | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kau kol  ‘bark’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Snana form. See kau koli/kau kuli for Mangon form.

kau koli / kau kuli  ‘bark’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Mangon form. See kau kol for Sanana form.

kau ladu  ‘heart of the tree’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kau losa  ‘leaf’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also kau hosa.

kau mai  ‘the dust left from mui insects after eating wood’ | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014.

kau nfat  ‘heart of the tree’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

kau nhal  ‘flower’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: lit. ‘tree’ + ‘blossom’.

kau ni’it  ‘sap’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

kau nona  ‘banyan tree’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pohon beringin | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2014.

kau patsuba  ‘medicinal plant used to treat cuts and scrapes’ | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: numerous | 2015 | note: image 2196.

kau sana  ‘twig’/’branch’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cabang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010-2019.

kau sumba  ‘flower’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

kau tafi  ‘base of tree’ | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014.

kau tonu  ‘fire wood’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: dona becomes tona due to Sula’s intervocalic fortition.

kau tubi / kau ntubi  ‘tree seedling’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

kau waka  ‘tree root’ | Bahasa Indonesia: akar | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

kau yon  ‘tree’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: kau alone means ‘tree’, and yon is a mysterious morpheme. It is recorded as ‘corner’ in isolation, but it also appears in final position in various terms that have no apparent relationship to one another. Some examples are: bayon ‘mouth’ (ba alone is from the form nuba ‘mouth’), goiyon ‘buttocks’ (goi alone means ‘buttocks’), haiyon ‘countryside’ (hai alone means ‘land’). The morpheme appears to serve a syntactic function that has eluded both Holle and myself.

kaufua saota  ‘dried fruit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: buahan kering | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kauumi  ‘dibble’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

kauwana  ‘steak (food)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bistik | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kawaileha  ‘bladder’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kandung kemih | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kawana  ‘stick’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

kaya  ‘wealthy’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ke adahan mora  ‘temperature (weather)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: suhu udara | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kebal  ‘Lizard’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

kecap  ‘sauce’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kecap | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: regional term.

kekku  ‘grass’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rumput | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

keku (1)  ‘grass’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rumput | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

keku (2)  ‘hair’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rambut | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

kelambur  ‘bed curtain’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

keli  ‘stand’ | collected on: Mangon | Collins | 1981 | note: See also geli. Collins lists this form as k, but I am certain it was produced that way due to Sula’s bizarre intervocalic fortition process (discussed in chapter 3). Sula consultants frequently frame their responses with a verbal agreement marker, so it is likely that a consultant responded a-keli ‘I stand’ and Collins omitted the a-, as he understood it to be a pronominal agreement marker.

kena  ‘fish’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ikan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

kena bega  ‘tuna’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ikan cakalang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kena bubara  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the giant trevally (caranx ignobilis) | collected on: Mangon, Mangon village | source: Mangon tribal members who are (non-fishermen) | 2014.

kena fia bega  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the spotted puffer (arothron meleagris) | collected on: Mangon, Mangon village | source: Mangon tribal members who are (non-fishermen) | 2014.

kena gamuli  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the surge wrasse (thalassoma purpureum) | collected on: Mangon, Mangon village | source: Mangon tribal members who are (non-fishermen) | 2014.

kena gawan  ‘whale’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

kena gurara  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the bluestripe snapper (lutjanus kasmira) | collected on: Mangon, Mangon village | source: Mangon tribal members who are (non-fishermen) | 2014.

kena kaleo fua  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the bigeye fish (heteropriacanthus) | collected on: Mangon, Mangon village | source: Mangon tribal members who are (non-fishermen) | 2014.

kena katip sai  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the scrawled filefish (aluterus scriptus) | collected on: Mangon, Mangon village | source: Mangon tribal members who are (non-fishermen) | 2014.

kena kawahi  ‘dried small whole fish’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

kena kombo  ‘type of edible fish similar to skipjack’ | collected on: Sanana, Pastina village | source: Falahu tribe farmers | 2014.

kena langpama  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the convict tang (acanthurus triostegus) | collected on: Mangon, Mangon village | source: Mangon tribal members who are (non-fishermen) | 2014.

kena maki  ‘small edible silver fish’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ikan kira (maybe local dialect) | collected on: Mangon, Wai U village | source: numerous | 2015.

kena mami  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the parrotfish (scarinae) | collected on: Mangon, Mangon village | source: Mangon tribal members who are (non-fishermen) | 2014.

kena pali  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the surgeonfish (acanthurus) | collected on: Mangon, Mangon village | source: Mangon tribal members who are (non-fishermen) | 2014.

kena Saguu  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the goatfish (parupeneus) | collected on: Mangon, Mangon village | source: Mangon tribal members who are (non-fishermen) | 2014.

kena salem  ‘salmon’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ikan salem | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kena Sambali  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the great baracuda | collected on: Mangon, Mangon village | source: Mangon tribal members who are (non-fishermen) | 2014.

kena songu  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the pinktail triggerfish (Melichthys vidua) | collected on: Mangon, Mangon village | source: Mangon tribal members who are (non-fishermen) | 2014.

kena tubi  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the blackside razor wrasse (iniistius umbrilatus) | collected on: Mangon, Mangon village | source: Mangon tribal members who are (non-fishermen) | 2014.

kera  ‘monkey’ | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: two to three consultants | 2015.

kertas  ‘paper’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

ketim  ‘cucumber’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ketimun | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U, Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

ketimu  ‘cucumber’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia. See also tim.

ketimun  ‘cucumber’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ketimun | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

keu  ‘phlegm’/’saliva’/’spit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: meludah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

ki, ki’i, kiː

  Third singular (human) pronoun | Bahasa Indonesia: [d]ia | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: third-person singular (human) pronoun. Preverbal agreement marker: i-.

kiku  ‘grass’ | (living grass, not grass on floor) | Bahasa Indonesia: rumput | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

kila (1)  ‘liver’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hati | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kila (2)  ‘lightning’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kilat | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

kila (3)  ‘breast’ | Bahasa Indonesia: susu | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014 | note: I am fairly sure this is ‘liver’ and not ‘breast’.

kim (1)  Second-person plural pronoun | (informal) | Bahasa Indonesia: meréka | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: second-person plural pronoun. Preverbal agreement marker: gu-.

kim (2)  Second-person formal pronoun | (singular and plural) | Bahasa Indonesia: anda | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: second-person singular and plural formal pronoun. Preverbal agreement marker: gi- (interestingly, some report that this also functions as a third-person plural formal pronoun).

kim fa  ‘your things’ | (used with plural and formal) | Bahasa Indonesia: barang anda | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

kim mua-mua  ‘you all’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kalian | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

kim-kim  ‘you’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kalian | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

kima  ‘shell’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tempurung | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

kimkim  ‘we’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kami | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

kios  ‘kiosk’/’stall for buying small items’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kios | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

kipa  ‘thigh’ | Bahasa Indonesia: paha | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

kipu  ‘smith’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pndai besi | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

kira-kira ga(h)oa  ‘suggestion’ | Bahasa Indonesia: saran | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

kit  First plural (inclusive) pronoun | Bahasa Indonesia: kita | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kit badan  ‘body’ | Bahasa Indonesia: badan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kitab  ‘book’ | Bahasa Indonesia: buku | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kiti  First plural (inclusive) pronoun | Bahasa Indonesia: kita | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

koa  ‘wire’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kawat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kob  ‘knife’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pisau | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kob(i)  ‘knife’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pisau | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

kodi  ‘claw’/’tallon’/’fingernail’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kuku, cakar | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also kahor for Sanana form.

kof  ‘coffee’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kopi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: usually said with a long [f] sound. Unclear if this is an affectation or something phonemic. Loan.

kofi  ‘coffee’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kopi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: loan.

koha  ‘shade’/’shadow’ | Bahasa Indonesia: teduh, bayangan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

koi  ‘no’/’don’t’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jangan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: used in commands.

koi sui tabak  ‘nonsmoking’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dilarang merokok | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kokon  ‘yellow’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kuning | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010 | note: see also kakon.

kol (1)  ‘skin’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kulit | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: likely metonymy of ‘skin’ to ‘body’.

kol (2)  ‘leather’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kulit | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kol (3)  ‘peel’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kulit | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

kol (4)  ‘chaff’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sekam | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu, Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

kol foa  ‘feathers’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bulu | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

kol sanang  ‘comfortable’ | e.g. comfortable temperature | Bahasa Indonesia: nyaman | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: numerous | 2015 | note: literally ‘skin’ + ‘happy’.

kol yaha  ‘tired’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cape | collected on: Sanana, Malbufa, East Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘skin’ + ‘tired’. See also yaha.

kolan  ‘king’ (Malay?) | Bahasa Indonesia: raja | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kolano  ‘king’ | Bahasa Indonesia: raja | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

koli  ‘skin’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kulit | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

koma  ‘loin cloth’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cawat | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this has likely fallen out of the language.

komodo  ‘monitor lizard’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

kon (1)  ‘curcuma domestica’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kon (2)  ‘yellow’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kuning | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

koni  ‘yellow’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kuning | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

kop  ‘cup’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mangkuk | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

kota  ‘flea’/’louse’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kutu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kota til  ‘nit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: telur kutu | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kotu  ‘flea’/’louse’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kutu | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

kramat  ‘holy place’ | Bahasa Indonesia: keramat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

kuasa  ‘power’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kuasa | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kub (1)  ‘gather together’/’arrange’ | e.g. da’u kub fa’a mehi ‘pack a bag with things’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berkumpul | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015.

kub (2)  ‘grave’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kuburan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kuda  ‘trowel (a small trowel)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sekop | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

kufini  ‘mosquito’ | Bahasa Indonesia: nyamuk | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

kukusan liha  ‘rice-kettle (earthenware)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kul  ‘right’ | (direction) | Bahasa Indonesia: kanan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kul, lima kul  ‘right’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kanan | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu, Falahu tribes | 2014.

kuli (1)  ‘skin’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kulit | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: possible loan from Bahasa Indonesia kulit.

kuli (2)  ‘right’ | (direction) | collected on: Mangon, CMD villages | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

kuli, lima kuli  ‘right’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kanan | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

kum hai  ‘sand’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pasir | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

kum wai  ‘sand’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pasir | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

kuma wai  ‘sand’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pasir | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kuma wai pon  ‘coast’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pantai | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kumawai  ‘sand’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

kumawai mahi oki  ‘sandbank’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

kumawai tina  ‘beach’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

kumpulan  ‘tribe’/’clan’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

kumwai  ‘sand’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pasir | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

kuni  ‘curcuma domestica’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kunong  ‘firefly’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

kurang  ‘less’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

kutig  ‘crow’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

kuwa  ‘device for weighing and measuring rice’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.