Appendix G. Dialect comparison lists. Four tribes plus Bajo
The following lists were collected with strict geographic and speaker demographic controls as described in chapter two. These lists are provided in the hopes they might help a future researcher better map Sula’s dialect regions—a task that will be a dissertation unto itself. All lists correspond to recordings archived and freely available.
| English | Facei Tribe in K. Sama, Sanana Island | Falahu Tribe in K. Wailau, Sanana Island | Fagudu Tribe in K. Umaloya, Sanana Island | Mangon Tribe in K. Waitina, Mangon Island | Ethnic Bajo settlement on Sanana Island |
| 1 hand (tangan) | lima | lima | lima | lima | tangang |
| 2 left (kiri) | tapa | (lima) tapa | (lima) tapa | (lima) tapa | kidal |
| 3 right (kanan) | kul | (lima) kul | (lima) kul | (lima) kuli | kanan |
| 4 leg/foot (kaki) | yai | yai | yai | nyai | nai |
| 5 to walk (berjalan) | laka | laka | laka | laka | dumalang |
| 6 road/path (jalan) | ya ea | yai ea | yai ea | sanafa | lalang |
| 6 road/path (jalanan) | laka-laka / berjalan-jalan | yai ea | sanafa | lalang | |
| 7 to come (datang) | duk | duk | duk | duki | tika |
| 8 to turn (bélok) (to turn (halfway, 90 degrees) | lif | lif | lif | lifi | pabale / pabelo* |
| *(They say pabale is ‘balik’, so this might be turning 180
(pabelo is probably either turning while in motion or turning 90 degrees.) |
|||||
| 8 to turn (berputar) (to turn (completely, 180 degrees) | putar | sawai (pul) | lif puta | (lif) dagalili | paputar |
| 9 to swim (berenang) | nan | nan | nan | nangu | rumangi |
| 10 dirty (kotor) | bakatai | bakatai | bakatai | bakatai | marota* |
| *(the “original Bajo word”) marumus, nakal | |||||
| 11 dust (debu) (?) | hai mai | hai mai / mai-mai | bufa / bufai mai | lai mai | ‘a.bu |
| 12 skin (kulit) | kol | kol | kol | koli | ‘ku.li |
| 13 back (punggung) | ded pon | bahu / sanapahu / pau | gehi fat / sanapau | loi nau
simpau (shoulder) |
‘bu.ku (‘belakan’ ID)
‘ba.ha |
| 14 belly (perut) | tena | tena (kau) | tena (kau) | takau | ‘bit.ta |
| 15 bone (tulang) | ho’i | hoi (ho’i in Mangoli — VERIFIED) | ho’i (/hoi/ IS Fahu) | loi | ‘ba.kas |
| 16 intestines (usus) | tuka pon (had to be prompted) | tuka | tuka | tuka | ‘tub.bo |
| 17 liver (hati) | behifon | be(hi)for | behifor
(‘lungs’ = wama) |
kila | ‘a.tai |
| 18 breast (susu) | sosa | kila* | sosa (woman’s breast) | sosu | ‘su.su |
| (1. woman’s breasts, 2. milk [more often the latter, although originally it meant the former]) | |||||
| *(pretty sure this is ‘liver’), wama (this means ‘breathe’)
susu (milk) / sosa (woman’s breast) |
|||||
| 18 breast | bokatan | behi (tan) | behi (tan) | lela fatu | ka’ri.ka |
| (dada) (“breast, chest” – not gender-specific) | |||||
| 19 shoulder (bahu) | sanapau | sanapau | sanapau | simpau
sanapau (Fagudu) |
‘ba.ha
ba’ha.ku ‘pid.di (‘shoulder ache’ I think) |
| 20 to know, be knowledgeable (tahu) | nau | nau | nau | (dahi) nau | ka.to’nang.ku |
| 21 to think (berfikir) | bapikir | bapikir | wak dab
had to think a lot |
waki dabu (‘ingat’ ID)
bapikir (‘berfikir’ ID) |
pi’kir |
| 22 to fear (takut) | kag | kag | kag | kagi | ‘ta.lau |
| 23 blood (darah) | poa | poa | poa | po | ‘la.ha |
| 24 head (kepala) (Skt kapala ‘skull’) | nap (foka/fat) | nap (f)oka (skull) / nap fat/ | nap | ngapu | ti’ko.lo |
| 25 neck (léhér) | ek | ek | ek | eki wai
eki ek lawa (Fagudu) |
‘kul.lo |
| 26 hair (rambut) | nap foa | nap foa | nap foa | ngapu fo | bulu ti’ko.lo |
| 27 nose (hidung) | ne’i | nee (long /e/) | ne’i | ncumi | u’ro |
| 28 to breathe (bernapas) | wama | wama | wama | wama | ni’an.sa |
| 29 to sniff, smell (mencium) (“to kiss”?) | sayang | (mana)mum | muhi (they rejected /mui/) / manam (ok for ‘kiss’) | sumpati (only ‘smell’)
cup-cup (kiss) |
ngu’ro |
| 29 to sniff, smell (menghiru) | etwama (dental t) | sakum | Did Not Skip — forgot to write. Check recording. | sumpati | na.re’na.pas |
| 30 mouth (mulut) | bayon | bayon (/a/ almost schwa) | sum | boni | ‘bo.a |
| 31 tooth (gigi) | nihi | nihi | nihi | ngi | ‘gi.gi
ku’le.ber (‘lips’) |
| 32 tongue (lidah) (metathesis) | mak | mak | mak | maki | ‘de.la |
| 33 to laugh (tertawa) | balela | balela | balela | balela | ti’to.a
(‘eyebrow’ = bulu’kin.ne) |
| 34 to cry (menangis) | mena | mena | mena | menga | ‘nang.is |
| 35 to vomit (muntah) | lua | lua | lua | lua | ‘ngu.ta |
| 36 to spit (meludah) | buakeu | oyakeu (also buakeu) | buakeu | safe (keu) | ‘ru.ja |
| 37 to eat (makan) | gaya | giya | gaya | giya | ‘ngyin.ta |
| 38 to chew (mengunyah) | samam | bamap | mama / samam | samamu | ‘ma.pa |
| 39 to cook (memasak) | bamap | bamap (bira) (they don’t know /haku/) | bamap | bamapu | ma’da.ta.i
ma.da.ta’i* |
| *(with rising intonation and stress shifting to end is question intonation ‘memasak apa’) | |||||
| 39 to cook (menanak) (to cook (rice only)) | bamap bira | samam | bamap (bira) | bamapu pamasi
(pamasi is ‘rice’) (don’t have /haku/ here) |
ma’da’ta.i (ki’na.kan) ‘cook rice’ |
| 40 to drink (minum) | win | win (wai) | win (wai) | winu | ‘ngi.nung
(/‘bo.i/ is water) |
| 41 to bite (gigit) | uka | uka (nihi) | uka (animal) / gigi | ngasi | ‘nge.ke |
| 42 to suck (mengisap) | bosa | yop (they also understand /bosa/ – /bosa/ more common for breast) | bosa | bosu (e.g. drinking with straw)
yopu (‘isap’ or ‘isop’ in ID) |
‘ngi.sa
ge’go.la (‘permen’ ID) |
| 43 ear (telinga) | til (hosa) | til | til | talinga | ta’ling.a |
| 44 to hear (mendengar) | baked | baker (also know /gena/ but say it is Fagudu or Facei) | baked / gena (seem to actually be the same. But /gena/ is an old word used by old people only) | gena | ma’ka.le |
| 45 eye (mata) | hama | hama | hama | lama | ‘ma.ta |
| 46 to see (melihat) | yana | yana | bil (‘see’ w/o volition necessarially) / yana (‘watch’ with volition, eg. ‘a film’) | yanga | na’rin.ta |
| 47 to yawn (menguap) ([<kuap]) | bakafa | bakafa (eya) | bakafa | bakafa | ‘ngo.a |
| 48 to sleep (tidur) | nona | nona | nona | nonu | ‘ti.dor |
| 49 to lie down (berbaring) | nona bol | nona bol / baka leng | nona bol (bol) | nonu boli | ba’le.a |
| 50 to dream (bermimpi) | baragana | (ba)dagana | badagana | badagana | ‘ngup.pi |
| 51 to sit (duduk) | nib | nib | nib | nibu | ‘nin.ko.lo |
| 52 to stand (berdiri) | gehi | gehi | gehi (CANNOT /ge’i/ or /gei/) | geli | ‘nin.ge |
| 53 person/human being (orang) | matapia | matapia | matapia | matapia | ‘a.ha |
| 54 man/male (laki-laki) | ma’ana | ma’ana | maana | (pia) mana (NOT MAANA!!) | ‘lil.la
‘a.sa.i.ru (‘orang siapa’ ID) |
| 55 woman/female (perempuan) | fina | fina | fina | fina | ‘din.de (final e is schwa) |
| 56 child (anak) | ana mehi | ana mehi | ‘baby’ ana ta(ha)i
(‘anak kecil’ ID) ana mehi nana / mehi nana (conversational) |
gama (nana)
gama nana (same as /ana nana/ in Sanana) |
a’na.na (‘anak-anak’ ID)
‘a.na (‘anak’ ID) |
| 57 husband (suami) | tua | tua | tua | tua | ‘lllll.la* |
| *~16:00 don’t know how to transcribe this, but same as 54 but with a very long l | |||||
| 58 wife | fata | fata | fata | fata | ‘nnnn.de (final e is schwa) |
| (isteri) (Sanskrit strī ‘woman; wife; female’) | |||||
| 59 mother (ibu) | yaya | ngyaya | ngyaya / mama | mama
(NOT NYAYA) |
‘mmm.me (final e is schwa) |
| 60 father (bapak) | baba | baba | baba | baba | ‘uu.e (final e is schwa) |
| 61 house (rumah) | uma | uma | uma | uma | ‘ru.ma |
| 62 thatch/roof (atap) | sahosa | sanapet | sahosa / sanahosa* | sangapetu
daki (‘tutup’ ID) |
‘do.da |
| *(came from same person. The other person did not notice sanahosa as being wrong but then said it was incorrect when I repeated it back. He also said sahosa and sa’ahosa are same.)
sanapet (after sewed together and ready for use) |
|||||
| 63 name (nama) (Sanskrit nāma (nāman) ‘name’) | na | na | na | nga | ‘a.rang
‘a.ra.nu ‘sa.i (‘what’s your name’) |
| 64 to say (berkata) | soya | bisnoya | bisnoya | beti (berkata)
(pisnoya only Sanana) |
su’su.rang |
| 65 rope (tali) | meu | meu (no glottal stop here) | me’u | meu | ‘ta.li |
| 66 to tie up, fasten (mengikat) | be’u | beu (no glottal stop here) | be’u (/beu/ is Falahu) | beu | ‘nging.ka |
| 67 to sew (menjahit) | bisnau | bisnau (They say: Facei, Fagudu /sau/) | bisnau (/bisnau/ becomes [pisnau] in [a-pisnau moy]) | doi (‘tusuk’ ID) | nga’ra.e |
| 68 needle (jarum) | samoha | samoha [sa.mo.ha] | samoha | samo (long o) | ‘ja.rum |
| 69 to hunt (berburu) | laka soi | * | dol as** | yotu
laka bisloi |
ber’bu.ru |
| *I was told there is no one word but many specific words depending on type of hunting. But then they started using /yota/ as the general word in conversation to explain that. | |||||
| **(lit. ‘bring dog’), lui fo’ok, ([a] becomes [o] because unstressed penultimate syllable?), haiwan pakiaki, (/yota/ also accepted but nobody produced it) | |||||
| 70 to shoot (menémbak) | banap | * | banap** | banapi | ‘nim.ba |
| *‘spear’ /per/, ’verb for spear’ /bona/, ‘snare’ /dudes/, ’no special verb for snare’, ’bow’ /jub/, ’verb for bow’ /pana/, ‘machetti’ /peda/, ’no special verb for machetti’, ’gun’ /senapang/, ‘verb for gun’ /banap/ | |||||
| **(with ‘senjata’ ID)
awa aliali a-pit do haiwan (‘saya ambil kartafel terus saya tembak dengan burung’) banap (with a gun) |
|||||
| 70 to shoot (memanah) (To shoot with bow) | jub | pana (bow) / banap (with a gun) | jub | jubi
bapana |
‘ma.na |
| 71 to stab, pierce (menikam) | sak | pana (do jub) | sak (/duf til/ or /til duf/ ‘pierce ear’) | saku | ‘ngi.a (spearing e.g. fish) |
| 71 to stab, pierce (menusuk) | sak | sak (/duf talina/ ‘pierce ear’) | sak | doi (e.g. fish)
bau tufi talinga ‘pierce ear’ (‘bau tuf til’ Fagudu) |
‘nub.ba (e.g. stab one with knife)
‘nga.jo ( |
| 72 to hit (memukul) | moma (hit with stick) | dota | moma / dota | dotu | * |
| *‘ngan.ja.gor ‘punch’, ‘ma.pas (sime type of hitting from above) | |||||
| 72 to hit (memalu) (to hit (with a hammer)) | befa | to (with hammer) | palu | ‘ma.lu | |
| 73 to steal (mencuri) | bilnaka | bilnaka | bilnaka | binaka | ‘nan.kau |
| 74 to kill (membunuh) | bau mata | bau mata | bau mata | bau mata | ‘mo.no |
| 75 to die, be dead (mati) | mata | mata | mata | mata | ‘ma.ti |
| 76 to live, be alive (hidup) | pia | pia | pia | pia | ‘u.lung |
| 77 to scratch (menggaruk) (to scratch (an itch)) | gada | sakeu | sakeu (reduced to [skeu] in conversation) | sakeu | nga’ka.yao |
| 77 to scratch (mencakar) (to scratch (for the purpose of hurting)) | gahu | gawai (NOT /gama/) | gawai / gama (also accepted but not produced) | gama
(‘gawai’ Fagudu) |
ngu.’ra.o |
| 78 to cut, hack (memotong) (cut) | det | det | det (/det kau/ chop down tree) | deti | ‘ngit.ta |
| 78 to cut, hack (menetak) (hack) | daneta | sis (/to/ is pounding, not chipping away at) | no specific word given | bama | ‘ngit.ta |
| 79 stick/wood (kayu) | kau | kau (wood) / katanup (/tonka/ is a walking stick — ID loanword) | kau (wood) (‘tonka’ ID)
sana ‘branch’ |
kau (wood) / tonka (stick) | ‘ka.yu |
| 80 to split (membelah) | makariu | bama | bama | bama | ‘mi.la |
| 81 sharp (tajam) | mana | mana | mana | manga | ‘ta.rang |
| 82 dull, blunt (tumpul) | mahoka | mahoka | moka | bapompu | ‘tom.pol |
| 83 to work (bekerja) | bau munara | bau munara | bau munara | bau munara | ‘ngan.ja.ma |
| 84 to plant (menanam) | basel | basel | basel | batani | ‘na.nang |
| 85 to choose (memilih) | bis loi | lika | lika | lika | ‘mi.si |
| 86 to grow (tumbuh) | dog | dog* | dog** | dogi (grow)
dotu (pound) |
‘tim.bo |
| *(they tell me /batutu/ same meaning but only Mangon) | |||||
| **(this seems more general than the others), sak kau bo hai (plant like planting a flag), batut (e.g. /kasbi/ or /bira/ plant the way you plant rice or casava) | |||||
| 87 to swell (membengkak) | mafai | mafai | mafai | mamfai | ‘ba.ha |
| 88 to squeeze (memeras) | am | am | am | gami* | ‘pir.ra |
| *(hold in hands), sangati (hold under the arm against side), sakafi (hold under the arm against side /binkaf/ Fagudu), sa’ka.fi (e.g. baby) | |||||
| 89 to hold (menggenggam) | kaf | kaf* | hakkot | manakem | ‘gen.do (hold baby)
‘ng.ke (hold not baby) |
| *(like holding baby) / ‘gendong’ (ID loan like holding baby)/ manakem (like grasping another’s arm with your hand) | |||||
| 90 to dig (menggali) | gahu | geka (like with shovel) / gahu (scratch, or to dig in a ‘scratching’ way with the hand) | geka (dig with shovel)
gahu (dig with hand) |
gai | ‘nga.li
‘ke.he (‘lubang’ ID) |
| 91 to buy (membeli) | baha | baha | baha | ba | ‘mil.li |
| 92 to open, uncover (membuka) | hoi | if* / hoi** | hoi | gifu | ‘mu.ka |
| *(said with initial glottal but there is no phonemic contrast) **(pronounced same as ‘bone’) |
|||||
| 93 to pound, | moma | dota / mana tota / mana pau | moma | dotu
manga fau |
‘nyan.ta |
| beat (memukul) (to beat, hit, strike [bell, drum, dog, etc.]) | |||||
| 93 to pound, beat (menumbuk) (to pound [e.g. to unhusk rice]) | tut | tut bira (/batutu/ only in Mangon they tell me) | (ba)tut (bira)
THEY SAY /batutu/ means ‘oba’ ID |
dotu pamasi (/pamasi/ ‘rice’) | ‘nu.to
lu’so (‘lesung’ ID) |
| 94 to throw (melémparkan) | behi | behi | behi | be | ‘ngam.be.le |
| 95 to fall (jatuh) | bua | bua | bua | bua | ‘ca.pa |
| 96 dog (anjing) | as | as | as | fa’ko (long /o/) | ‘a.su |
| 97 bird (burung) | haiwan | haiwan kao goga* | ** | manu kaupetu
manu panda (chicken) |
ma’ma.no |
| *(mankaogoga / haiwan also understood) Great examples of part-to-whole generalisation w/ animal & bird | |||||
| **(no general word for bird) /haiwan/ ‘animal’ (or else specific bird names generally used. but when pressed for it, they gave me: /haiwankaugoga/) | |||||
| 98 egg (telur) | mantel | mantel | mantel | man(u)telu | an’ti.lo |
| 99 feather (bulu) | haiwan foa | foa | foa | man(u)fo | ‘bu.lu |
| 100 wing (sayap) | pan | soba* | soba (Facei: /pan/) | man pani | ‘ka.pe |
| *FALAHU (mpani FAGUDU & FACEI / pani MANGON) | |||||
| 101 to fly (terbang) | la | la | la | la | ‘lu.me.a |
| 102 rat (tikus) | safa | sahafa | /sa’afa/ (young one said /safa/) | fafa | ‘ti.kus |
| 103 meat/flesh (daging) | (haiwan) ihi | ihi* | ihi | nisi | ‘da.ging |
| *(did not produce it, but tell me it is the correct one when I ask) | |||||
| 104 fat/grease (lemak) | gaji | gajigat | gaji | ‘mi.na | |
| 105 tail (ékor) | boya | boya | boya | mboyu | ‘eng.ko |
| 106 snake (ular) | tui | tui | tui | tui | peng’a.hang |
| 107 worm (earthworm) (cacing) | makodn (speaker produced post-nasal, likely non-phonemic) | makahor / ul (small one) | makaor (Falahu: makahor) | mankawai | ‘ca.cing |
| 108 louse (kutu) | kota | kota | kota | kotu | ‘ku.tu |
| 109 mosquito (nyamuk) | kafin | samab (Facei & Fagudu /kafin/ they tll me) | samab (mosquito)
kafin (butterfly) |
kafini | ‘la.ming.nga |
| 110 spider (laba-laba) | lawa | lawa | lawa | lawa | am’bom.bo |
| 111 fish (ikan) | kena | kena | kena | kena | ‘da.ya |
| 112 rotten (busuk) | basa | basa (condition of being rotten) / suba (smell) | suba | basa
patfo (‘suba’ Sanana) |
‘bun.tu |
| 113 branch (dahan) | (kau) sana | (kau) sana | sana (‘dahan’ ID)
daet (‘ribun’ ID) |
nchanga
badaeti (‘barumput’ ID) |
‘e.ngas |
| 114 leaf (daun) | hosa | (kau) hosa | (kau) hosa | nlosa | daun |
| 115 root (akar) | (kau) waka | waka / (kau) waka | (kau) waka | waka / (kau) waka | ‘u.ra.ga |
| 116 flower (bunga) | bunga | kau hal | bunga* | sumba
(‘inhal’ Sanana) |
bunga |
| *ALSO: (kau) bahal (but only after I prompted about /kau hal/ from Falahu) | |||||
| 117 fruit (buah-buahan) (“fruits (the category, in general)”) | (kau) fua | (kau) fua | (kau) fua | (kau) seli
(kau) nceli |
buah-buahan |
| 117 fruit (buah) (fruit) | (kau) fua | fua | fua | nceli | buah |
| 117 fruit (sebiji buah) (“a piece of fruit”) | (kau) fua hia | (kau fua) fatia | (kau fua) fatia (they do not accept /fathia/) | nceli fatu gia | ‘dam.bua
(kalo /da.kau/ itu satu) |
| 118 grass (rumput) | (kau) hik | kahik (kasafoi is a woven grass mat) | kaik (alive outside)
kasafoi (on floor of house) |
kiku ‘grass growing outside’ (‘kahik’ Fagudu)
engka (on the floor) |
‘sig.ge |
| 119 earth/soil (tanah) | hai | hai | ha’i (FALAHU: hai) | lai | ‘ta.na |
| 120 stone (batu) | fat | fatu | fat | fatu | ‘ba.tu |
| 121 sand (pasir) | kumawai | kum wai | kumwai | ka’mi.a | ‘gu.so |
| 122 water (air) | wai | wai | wai | wai | ‘bo.i |
| 123 to flow (mengalir) | wai ewa | (wai) ewa | (wai) ewa | (wai) ewa | ‘nyu.ru |
| 124 sea (laut) | mahi | mahi | mahi | mai | ta’ru.sang |
| 125 salt (garam) | gas | gas | gas | gasi | ‘ga.ram |
| 126 lake (danau) | wai duba | tahaga | taga | taga (/ta/ = long a)
wai fanin |
‘da.no |
| 127 woods/forest (hutan) | kamatua | kamatua (big, on mountain) / fa oki (small) | fa’ok (reduced to [f-schwa-‘ok] | fa’oki | ‘ro.ma |
| 128 sky (langit) | lan | lan | lan | langi | ‘lang.i |
| 129 moon (bulan) | fasina | fasina | (fa)sina (s is back but not quite “sh”) | fasina | ‘bu.lang
ma.ta’lll.lau (‘matahari’ ID) |
| 130 star (bintang) | fatui | fatui | fatui | fantui | ‘bin.tang |
| 131 cloud (awan) | pangara | fangara | fangara | pangara | |
| 132 fog (kabut) | bafei | laf / mit gab | laf | bafei | |
| 133 rain (hujan) | uya | uya | uya | uya | ‘u.rang |
| 134 thunder (guntur) | soa | telapat | so’a | badandu | ‘gun.tur |
| 135 lightning (kilat) | sagila’at | sagila’at | sagila at
(not /sagila/ only) |
sagila (‘sagila’at’ Fagudu) | nga’la.la
’pit.tir (‘pitir’ ID) |
| 136 wind (angin) | mora | mora (bufa) | mora
bufa (‘to blow’ = ‘tiup’ ID) |
angi (‘mora’ Fagudu) | ‘sang.ai
‘lan.do ‘storm wind’ (‘angin kencang’ ID) |
| 137 to blow (bertiup) (the wind blows) | mora laka | bufa | bufa (/mora i bufa/ ‘the wind blows’) | boli
angi boli ‘the wind blows’ |
‘ni.u |
| 137 to blow (meniup) (a person blows (something)) | buha | bufa | bufa | boli | ‘ni.u |
| 138 warm (panas) (hot) | bahaha (pedas baha) | mota | mota | buba
lia buba (‘matahari panas’ ID) |
‘pa.nas
‘nga.nga (‘pedas’ ID) |
| 138 warm (haŋat) (warm) | mapana | mapana | bampana (Facei: /mapana/) | bapana | ‘ang.at |
| 139 cold (dingin) | bagoa | bagoa | bagoa (/a/ to [o] or [schwa] when old guy says it) | bago (long o) | ja’rin.ni |
| 140 dry (kering) | saota | saota | saota (becomes [s’ota]) | sotu (long o) | ‘to.ho |
| 141 wet (basah) | meta | meta | meta | meta | ‘ba.se |
| 142 heavy (berat) | fa’ata | fa’ata | fa’ata | fayata | ‘bir.ra |
| 143 fire (api) | ap | ap | ap | api | ‘a.pi |
| 144 to burn (membakar) | dona | dona | (ap) dona (general word)
(ap) mota (like house on fire) yom (nui) (butning coconut shells like when cooking over them) sara tabak (verb describing the slow burning of a cigarette or a mosquito coil. This is not to be confused with /sui/, ‘smoking’ a cigarrette.) |
batonu
donu (both ok. ba- is prefix explained in ID at 55 min file 007.wav) |
‘nu.nu |
| 145 smoke (asap) | apfei | apfei | apfe’i / fe’i (also OK) | bafei | ‘um.bu |
| 146 ash (abu) | hai mai | aftuka | aftuka | af(u)mai (‘aftuka’ Fagudu) | ‘a.bu |
| 147 black (hitam) | mit | mit | mit | miti | ‘lo.hong |
| 148 white (putih) | bot | bot | bot | boti | ‘po.ti |
| 149 red (mérah) | mia | mia (/mi’a/ Fagudu & Facei they say) | mi’a (FALAHU: /mia/) | mia | ‘mi.ra |
| 150 yellow (kuning) | kakon | kakon | kakon | mangkuni | ‘ku.ne |
| 151 green (hijau) | babir | bafe (long /e#/) | babir
bafei (‘abuabu’ ID) |
babiru kaulosa (green leaf = green)
mai babiru (‘sea green’ = blue) |
nu.lo ’da.ogn |
| 152 small (kecil) | nana | nana | mehi / nana | male (long final /e/?) | di’di.ki |
| 153 big (besar) | aya | eya (/aya/ Fagudu & Facei they say) | aya | fanini | ‘ba.sar |
| 153 big (raya) (big, but limited in use like Indonesia raya, jalan raya (boulevard/big road), hari raya (holiday/big day), jagat raya (universe), etc) | aya | ya eya eya ‘jalan raya’ (look at this carefully, slightly diff from Fa&Fac) | yai eya aya ‘jalan raya’ | sanafa fanin / sana fanau (‘jalan raya’ ID) | ‘la.lam ‘ba.sar (‘jalan raya’ ID) |
| 154 short (péndék) | yota | yota | yota | togi | pi’pin.da |
| 155 long (panjang) | nahu | nahu | nahu | nau | ‘ta.ha |
| 156 thin (tipis) | manip | manip | manip | manipi | ni’ni.pis |
| 157 thick (tebal) | bag | bag | bag | bagu | ‘tub.bal |
| 158 narrow (sempit) | dagat | dagat | dagat | dagati | ‘pi.pi |
| 159 wide (lébar) | dalena | dalena / dahafa | aya (THEY DO NOT KNOW /dalena/) | dalena | ‘bu.ka |
| 160 painful, sick (sakit) | geka | geka | geka / dagis | geka | ‘pid.di |
| 161 shy, ashamed (malu) | bal | bahal | bahal (DON’T KNOW /bali/) | baali (long a) | ‘i.ya |
| 162 old (tua) (old (for people)) | matua | matua | matua | matua | ‘to.a
‘a.ha ‘to.a ‘parents’ |
| 162 old (lama) (old (for things)) | maneu | manen | manan | manau | ‘bit.ta |
| 163 new (baru) | fe’u | feu (no glottal contrast. fe’u also accepted) | feu | feu | ba’bau |
| 164 good (baik) (for people) | pia | pia | pia | pia | ‘a.la |
| 164 good (bagus) (for things) | bisa | bisa | bisa | birahi / bisa (same range of meaning for both) | ma’la.so |
| 165 bad, evil (jahat) | kabures | kabares | kabares | kabaresi | ‘ra.ha |
| 166 correct, true (benar) | dahi | dahi | dahi | dahi | ta’ru.a |
| 167 night (malam) | bauhi | ba’uhi | ba’uhi (NOT: /buhi/) | bedi | ‘sa.gnan |
| 168 day (hari) | bet | bet | bet | betu
betuka ‘today’ |
‘lll.lau |
| 169 year (tahun) | tahun | taun | taun | taun
What is she saying about “piaduki” ‘year’ (second file — i.e. just over an hour in) |
‘ta.ung |
| 170 when? (kapan) (Indonesian Only) | bet pila | bet pila | bet pila | bet pila | si’me.rang |
| 170 when? (bila) | bihoa | bet pila | bet pila | si’me.rang | |
| 171 to hide (bersembunyi) | baifon | baifon (hide oneself) / daufon (to hide an item) | baifon (hide oneself) / da’ufon (to hide an item) | balfongi (oneself)
daufongi (item) |
‘ta.po (oneself)
‘na.po (item) |
| 172 to climb (naik) (1. ascend [person on stairs, balloon in air, bubble in water], 2. mount/ride [a horse, carriage, car, train, airplane]) | bena | bena (also for transportation) | bena | bena | du’tai |
| 172 to climb (memanjat) (to climb [up a tree]) | bena (kau) | bena (kau) | bena (kau) | ma’na.ya | |
| 172 to climb (mendaki) (to climb [up a slope, a mountain]) | bena (lida) | bena (lida) | bena (lida) | du’tai ‘climb’
’bul.lu ‘mountain’ du’tai ’bul.lu ‘climb a mountain’ |
|
| 173 at (di) | bo | bo | bo | bo | ma |
| 174 in, inside ([di] dalam) | bo lal | (bo) lal | (bo) lal | bo tuka (NOT lal) | da’a.lang |
| 175 above ([di] atas) | deha lepa | (la) lepa | lepa | lepa | ‘ma.di.a.ta |
| 176 below (di bawah) | deha ne’u | (lal) neu | ne’u | bulela | ma’di.a |
| 177 this (ini) | ik | ik | iki | ika | ‘i.tu.ne |
| 178 that (itu) | neka | mana (/neka/ Fagudu & Facei) | neka | ina (NOT NEKA) | ‘i.tu.ko |
| 179 near (dekat) | bakahan | bakahan | han (NOT: /iku/) | (de)lani | tu’tu.ku |
| 180 far (jauh) | yau | yau | yau | (de)yau | ‘te.u |
| 181 where? (dimana) | bo soa | sahoa | soa / s-oa
(FALAHU: sahoa) |
(de)sibo | ma’ai |
| 182 I (saya) ((formal)) | ak | ak (/aku/ reportedly Mangoli) | ak | aku | aku |
| 182 I (aku) ((informal)) | ak | ak | ak | aku | aku |
| 183 thou (kamu) | kim | N/A (kim/mon in all of Sula) | mon / kim | mon | ‘ka.u |
| 183 thou (eŋkau) | mon | N/A (kim/mon in all of Sula) | mon | kim (older person than speaker) | ‘ka.u |
| 184 he/she (beliau) (he/she (respectful)) | ??maybe mat nana?? | don’t have | n/a | ||
| 184 he/she ([d]ia) | ki’i | i (they say ki’i is Fagudu) a Falahu example: i i-laka… ‘s/he walks’ | ki’i | ki (/i-/ is agr marker)
(13 min has explanation of agr markers) |
ia |
| 185 we (kita) | kit | kit | kit | kiti | kita |
| 185 we (kami) | kimkim | kam | kami (/kit muamua/ accepted but not produced) | kam | kami |
| 186 you (kalian) (Indonesian only) | N/A | kim | kim-kim / kim mua-mua | ‘ka.han | |
| 186 you (anda) | mon | mon/kim | mon | mon | ‘ka.u |
| 187 they (meréka) | eb kim | ?? | ?? | kim (also /kim/) | ‘ka.hang |
| 188 what? (apa) | hapa | hapa | hapa | hapa | ‘a.i |
| 189 who? (siapa) | han (neka) | han | han (neka) | an (NOT HAN)
/ana/ with questions (16 minutes) |
‘sa.i.ru |
| 190 other (lain) | basa | basa | basa | sa’di.ri | |
| 191 all (semua) ([&<M]) | pakiaki | pakahia / muamua | pakaiki
(/kit pakaiki/ ‘all of us’) muamua (all things |
muamua | me’mem.mong |
| 192 and (dan) | do | du (not /do/ here) | do | di (NOT /do/!!) | ‘ba.ka |
| 193 if (kalau) | kalo | she says /kalu/ but uses /kalo/ | kalo | kalo | ‘ka.pa |
| 194 how? (bagaimana) | bau goa | bau ganoa (/bago(a)/ Fagudu & Facei) | go’a neka (FALAHU: /ganoa/) | baganoki | ba’ting.ge.i.ru |
| 195 no, not (tidak) ([&<mana?]) | moya | ~moya | ~moya | ~moyu | ‘ng.gai
‘da.ha (‘don’t’ = ‘jangan’ ID) |
| 196 to count (menghitung) | rek | rek | rek | reking | nga’re.ke |
| 197 One | hia | hia | esa | ||
| (esa) (one’ (only used to express the oneness of God)) | |||||
| 197 One (satu) | hia | hia | hia | giya | da’kau |
| 198 Two (dua) | gu | gahu | g-u / gau | guu (long u) | ‘du.a |
| 199 Three (tiga) | gatel | gatel | gatel | gatelu | ‘tul.lu |
| 200 Four (empat) | gareha | gareha | gareha | gadia | m’pa |
| 201 Five (lima) | galima | galima | galima | galima | ‘li.ma |
| 202 Six (enam) | ganei | gane (long /e#/) | gane (long /e#/) | ganei | n’nang |
| 203 Seven (tujuh) | gapit | gapit | gapit | gapitu | ‘pi.tu |
| 204 Eight (delapan) | gatahua | gatahua | gatua / gat-hua / gatahua | gaatua | ‘wa.lu |
| 205 Nine (sembilan) | gatasia | gatasia | gatasia | gatasia | ‘sang.ga |
| 206 Ten (sepuluh) | poa | poa | poa | po | s(e)’pu.lu |
| 207 Twenty (dua puluh) | po gu | poagahu* | pogu / poagu’u | pogu** | ‘du.am ’pu.lu |
| *NOT THE FOLLOWING HERE: /pogu/, /poagu’u/ | |||||
| **they say it is only one /u/ here, but it still sounds long | |||||
| 208 Fifty (lima puluh) | po galima | poagalima* | pogalima | po galima | ‘li.mam ‘pu.lu |
| *They do not accept /pogalima/ here | |||||
| 209 One Hundred (seratus) | ota | ota | saka (NOT /ota/) | da’a.tus | |
| 210 One Thousand (seribu) | cahia | cahia | cagia | da’sab.bu | |
Appendix H. Dialect comparison lists. Facei tribe settlement on Sanana vs. Facei tribe settlements in mixed dialect region on Mangon.
The following lists are provided in the hopes they might help a future researcher better map Sula’s dialect regions—a task that will be a dissertation unto itself. All lists correspond to recordings archived and freely available).
Comparison of Facei Tribe settlement on Sanana with settlements in mixed dialect region on Mangon. Differences in bold.
(Malay forms: R. Blust, from Echols & Shadily)
| Term | Facei on Sanana Island | Facei on Mangon Island | notes |
| (# 1-235 in Kampung Sama) | (# 1–100 in Kampung Orifola,
# 101–235 in Kampung Wai U) |
||
| 1 hand (tangan): | lima | lima | |
| 2 left (kiri): | tapa | tapa | Orifola session note: lima tapa ‘left hand’ |
| 3 right (kanan): | kul | kuli | Orifola session note: lima kuli ‘right hand’ |
| 4 leg/foot (kaki): | yai | yai | |
| 5 to walk (berjalan): | laka | laka | |
| 6 road/path (jalan): | ya ea | yai ea | |
| 6 road/path (jalanan): | — | yai ea | |
| 7 to come (datang): | duk | duki | |
| 8 to turn (bélok) (to turn (halfway, 90 degrees): | lif | lifi | |
| 8 to turn (berputar) (to turn (completely, 180 degrees): | putar | baputar | Orifola session note: forms are the same , but Orifola consultant included verbal morphology |
| 9 to swim (berenang): | nan | nanu | |
| 10 dirty (kotor): | bakatai | bakatai | |
| 11 dust (debu) (?): | hai mai | hai mai | |
| 12 skin (kulit): | kol | kol | |
| 13 back (punggung): | ded pon | bahu / sanapahu | |
| 14 belly (perut): | tena | tena kau | |
| 15 bone (tulang): | ho’i | ho’i | Orifola session note: consultant says it is hoi in Sanana. Likely borrowed from Mangon neighbors where the glottal is present and possibly even phonemic. |
| 16 intestines (usus): | tuka pon | tuka | Sama session note: accepted, but had to be prompted |
| 17 liver (hati): | behifon | kila | |
| 18 breast (susu) (1. woman’s breasts, 2. milk [more often the latter, although originally it meant the former]): | sosa | susu / sosa | Orifola session note: susu ‘milk’ / sosa ‘woman’s breast’ |
| 18 breast (dada) (“breast, chest” – not gender-specific): | bokatan | behi (tan) | |
| 19 shoulder (bahu): | sanapau | — | |
| 20 to know, be knowledgeable (tahu): | nau | nau | |
| 21 to think (berfikir): | bapikir | bapikir | |
| 22 to fear (takut): | kag | kagi | |
| 23 blood (darah): | poa | poa | |
| 24 head (kepala) (Skt kapala ‘skull’): | nap | napu | Sama session note: e.g. nap foka / nap fat |
| 25 neck (léhér): | ek | eki | |
| 26 hair (rambut): | nap foa | nap foa | |
| 27 nose (hidung): | ne’i | ne’e | |
| 28 to breathe (bernapas): | wama | wama | |
| 29 to sniff, smell (mencium) (“to kiss”?): | sayang | manamumi | |
| 29 to sniff, smell (menghiru): | etwama | — | |
| 30 mouth (mulut): | bayon | nuba | |
| 31 tooth (gigi): | nihi | nihi | |
| 32 tongue (lidah) (metathesis): | mak | maki | |
| 33 to laugh (tertawa): | balela | balela | |
| 34 to cry (menangis): | mena | mena | |
| 35 to vomit (muntah): | lua | lua | |
| 36 to spit (meludah): | buakeu | buakeu | |
| 37 to eat (makan): | gaya | gaya | |
| 38 to chew (mengunyah): | samam | samam | |
| 39 to cook (memasak): | bamap | baumapu | |
| 39 to cook (menanak) (to cook (rice only)): | bamap bira | haku | Orifola session note: haku bira ‘cook rice’ |
| 40 to drink (minum): | win | win | Orifola session note: win wai ‘drink water |
| 41 to bite (gigit): | uka | uka | Orifola session note: (both uka nihi ‘bite meat’ and uka temaha ‘bite a friend’) |
| 42 to suck (mengisap): | bosa | bosa | |
| 43 ear (telinga): | til | tilu | Sama session note: also til hosa |
| 44 to hear (mendengar): | baked | gena | |
| 45 eye (mata): | hama | hama | |
| 46 to see (melihat): | yana | yana | |
| 47 to yawn (menguap) ([<kuap]): | bakafa | bakafa | |
| 48 to sleep (tidur): | nona | nona | |
| 49 to lie down (berbaring): | nona bol | nona bol | |
| 50 to dream (bermimpi): | baragana | badagana | |
| 51 to sit (duduk): | nib | nibu | |
| 52 to stand (berdiri): | gehi | gehi | |
| 53 person/human being (orang): | matapia | matapia | |
| 54 man/male (laki-laki): | ma’ana | maana | |
| 55 woman/female (perempuan): | fina | fina | |
| 56 child (anak): | ana mehi | ana mehi | |
| 57 husband (suami): | tua | tua | |
| 58 wife (isteri) (Sanskrit strī ‘woman; wife; female’): | fata | fata | |
| 59 mother (ibu): | yaya | ngyaya | |
| 60 father (bapak): | baba | baba | |
| 61 house (rumah): | uma | uma | |
| 62 thatch/roof (atap): | sahosa | sanapet | |
| 63 name (nama) (Sanskrit nāma (nāman) ‘name’): | na | na | |
| 64 to say (berkata): | soya | bicara | |
| 65 rope (tali): | meu | me’u | |
| 66 to tie up, fasten (mengikat): | be’u | be’u | |
| 67 to sew (menjahit): | bisnau | sau | |
| 68 needle (jarum): | samoha | samoha | |
| 69 to hunt (berburu): | laka soi | yota | |
| 70 to shoot (menémbak): | banap | pana / banapi | Orifola session note: banapi ‘shoot’ (with a gun) |
| 70 to shoot (memanah) (To shoot with bow): | jub | jubi | |
| 71 to stab, pierce (menikam): | sak | saku | Orifola session note: sak tuf tilu ‘pierce ear’ |
| 71 to stab, pierce (menusuk): | sak | saku | |
| 72 to hit (memukul): | moma | dota | Sama session note: (as in hitting with stick) |
| 72 to hit (memalu) (to hit (with a hammer)): | befa | dota | |
| 73 to steal (mencuri): | bilnaka | bilnaka | |
| 74 to kill (membunuh): | bau mata | bau mata | |
| 75 to die, be dead (mati): | mata | mata | |
| 76 to live, be alive (hidup): | pia | pia | |
| 77 to scratch (menggaruk) (to scratch (an itch)): | gada | sakeu | |
| 77 to scratch (mencakar) (to scratch (for the purpose of hurting)): | gahu | gama | |
| 78 to cut, hack (memotong) (cut): | det | deti | |
| 78 to cut, hack (menetak) (hack): | daneta | to | |
| 79 stick/wood (kayu): | kau | kau / tonka | Orifola session note: kau ‘wood’ / tonka ‘stick’ |
| 80 to split (membelah): | makariu | bama | |
| 81 sharp (tajam): | mana | mana | |
| 82 dull, blunt (tumpul): | mahoka | moka | |
| 83 to work (bekerja): | bau munara | bau munara | |
| 84 to plant (menanam): | basel | baseli | |
| 85 to choose (memilih): | bis loi | lika | |
| 86 to grow (tumbuh): | dog | batutu | |
| 87 to swell (membengkak): | mafai | mafai | Orifola session note: (one person present says maufai) |
| 88 to squeeze (memeras): | am | ami | |
| 89 to hold (menggenggam): | kaf | manakem | |
| 90 to dig (menggali): | gahu | gahu | |
| 91 to buy (membeli): | baha | baha | |
| 92 to open, uncover (membuka): | hoi | hoi | |
| 93 to pound, beat (memukul) (to beat, hit, strike [bell, drum, dog, etc.]): | moma | mana pau | |
| 93 to pound, beat (menumbuk) (to pound [e.g. to unhusk rice]): | tut | batutu | Wai U session note: batutu bira ‘pound rice’ |
| 94 to throw (melémparkan): | behi | behi | |
| 95 to fall (jatuh): | bua | bua | |
| 96 dog (anjing): | as | asu | |
| 97 bird (burung): | haiwan | haiwan | Wai U session note: also: mankaogoga ‘bird’ |
| 98 egg (telur): | mantel | mantel | |
| 99 feather (bulu): | haiwan foa | man foa | |
| 100 wing (sayap): | pan | mpani / pani | |
| 101 to fly (terbang): | la | la | |
| 102 rat (tikus): | safa | safa | |
| 103 meat/flesh (daging): | ihi | ihi | Sama session note: also: haiwan ihi |
| 104 fat/grease (lemak): | — | lemak | Wai U session note: (consultant uncertain about this form) |
| 105 tail (ékor): | boya | boya | |
| 106 snake (ular): | tui | tui | |
| 107 worm (earthworm) (cacing): | makodn | uli | Wai U session note: (consultant uncertain about this form)
Sama session note: (speaker produced post-nasal dn, likely non-phonemic) |
| 108 louse (kutu): | kota | kota | |
| 109 mosquito (nyamuk): | kafin | kafin | |
| 110 spider (laba-laba): | lawa | lawa | |
| 111 fish (ikan): | kena | kena | |
| 112 rotten (busuk): | basa | suba | |
| 113 branch (dahan): | sana | daeti | Sama session note: also: kau sana |
| 114 leaf (daun): | hosa | hosa | Wai U session note: also: kau hosa ‘tree leaf’ |
| 115 root (akar): | waka | waka | Wai U session note: also: kau waka ‘tree root’
Sama session note: also: kau waka ‘tree root’ |
| 116 flower (bunga): | bunga | bunga | Wai U session note: (consultant uncertain about this form) |
| 117 fruit (buah-buahan) (“fruits (the category, in general)”): | fua | fua | Sama session note: also: kau fua |
| 117 fruit (buah) (fruit): | fua | fua | Sama session note: also: kau fua |
| 117 fruit (sebiji buah) (“a piece of fruit”): | fua hia | — | Sama session note: also: kau fua hia |
| 118 grass (rumput): | hik | kasafoi | Sama session note: also: kau hik |
| 119 earth/soil (tanah): | hai | hai | |
| 120 stone (batu): | fat | fatu | |
| 121 sand (pasir): | kumawai | hai | Wai U session note: (consultant uncertain about this form) |
| 122 water (air): | wai | wai | |
| 123 to flow (mengalir): | ewa | ewa | Wai U session note: wai ewa ‘flowing water’
Sama session note: wai ewa ‘flowing water’ |
| 124 sea (laut): | mahi | mahi | |
| 125 salt (garam): | gas | gas | |
| 126 lake (danau): | wai duba | wai aya | |
| 127 woods/forest (hutan): | kamatua | fa’a oki | |
| 128 sky (langit): | lan | lan | |
| 129 moon (bulan): | fasina | fasina | |
| 130 star (bintang): | fatui | fatui | |
| 131 cloud (awan): | pangara | fangara | |
| 132 fog (kabut): | bafei | mit gab | |
| 133 rain (hujan): | uya | uya | |
| 134 thunder (guntur): | soa | batu | Wai U session note: (consultant uncertain about this form) |
| 135 lightning (kilat): | sagila’at | sagila | |
| 136 wind (angin): | mora | buha | |
| 137 to blow (bertiup) (the wind blows): | mora laka | buha | |
| 137 to blow (meniup): | buha | buha | |
| 138 warm (panas) (hot): | bahaha | mota | Sama session note: consultant says pedas is baha |
| 138 warm (haŋat) (warm): | mapana | — | |
| 139 cold (dingin): | bagoa | bagoa | |
| 140 dry (kering): | saota | saota | |
| 141 wet (basah): | meta | meta | |
| 142 heavy (berat): | fa’ata | fa’ata | |
| 143 fire (api): | ap | apu | |
| 144 to burn (membakar): | dona | dona | |
| 145 smoke (asap): | apfei | apfe | Wai U session note: (ambiguous final vowel. maybe apfei) |
| 146 ash (abu): | hai mai | aftuka | |
| 147 black (hitam): | mit | mit/miti | |
| 148 white (putih): | bot | bot/boti | |
| 149 red (mérah): | mia | mi’a | |
| 150 yellow (kuning): | kakon | kakon | |
| 151 green (hijau): | babir | bafei | Wai U session note: maybe transcribed better as bafeei |
| 152 small (kecil): | nana | nana | |
| 153 big (besar): | aya | aya | |
| 153 big (raya): | aya | aya | Wai U session note: yai eya aya ‘jalan raya’ |
| 154 short (péndék): | yota | yota | |
| 155 long (panjang): | nahu | nahu | |
| 156 thin (tipis): | manip | manipi | |
| 157 thick (tebal): | bag | bagu | |
| 158 narrow (sempit): | dagat | dagati | |
| 159 wide (lébar): | dalena | aya / dalena | |
| 160 painful, sick (sakit): | geka | geka | |
| 161 shy, ashamed (malu): | bal | bali | |
| 162 old (tua) (old (for people)): | matua | matua | |
| 162 old (lama) (old (for things)): | maneu | — | |
| 163 new (baru): | fe’u | feu | |
| 164 good (baik) (for people): | pia | — | |
| 164 good (bagus) (for things): | bisa | bisa | |
| 165 bad, evil (jahat): | kabures | kabares | Wai U session note: (also maybe: kabaresa) |
| 166 correct, true (benar): | dahi | dahi | |
| 167 night (malam): | bauhi | buhi | |
| 168 day (hari): | bet | hari | Wai U session note: (consultant uncertain about this form) |
| 169 year (tahun): | tahun | taun | |
| 170 when? (kapan) (Indonesian Only): | bet pila | bet pila / bet pi | |
| 171 to hide (bersembunyi): | baifon | baifon / da’ufon | Wai U session note: baifon ‘to hide oneself’ / da’ufon ‘to hide an item’ |
| 172 to climb (naik) (1. ascend [person on stairs, balloon in air, bubble in water], 2. mount/ride [a horse, carriage, car, train, airplane]): | bena | bena | |
| 173 at (di): | bo | bo | |
| 174 in, inside ([di] dalam): | bo lal | bo lal | |
| 175 above ([di] atas): | lepa | lepa | Sama session note: deha lepa ‘exists above’ |
| 176 below (di bawah): | ne’u | ne’u | Sama session note: deha ne’u ‘exists below’ |
| 177 this (ini): | ik | ik | |
| 178 that (itu): | neka | neka | |
| 179 near (dekat): | bakahan | iku | |
| 180 far (jauh): | yau | yau | |
| 181 where? (dimana): | bo soa | so | Wai U session note: also offered deha so ‘exists where’
Sama session note: also offered bo soa ‘at where’ |
| 182 I (saya) ((formal)): | ak | aku / ak | |
| 182 I (aku) ((informal)): | ak | aku / ak | |
| 183 thou (kamu): | kim | mon | Wai U session note: (consultant uncertain about this form) |
| 183 thou (eŋkau): | mon | mon neka | Wai U session note: (consultant uncertain about this form) |
| 184 he/she (beliau) (he/she (respectful)): | — | ki’i | |
| 184 he/she ([d]ia): | ki’i | ki’i | |
| 185 we (kita): | kit | kit | Wai U session note: (unsure , maybe also: mon neka) |
| 185 we (kami): | kimkim | kit muamua | Wai U session note: (consultant uncertain about this form) |
| 186 you (kalian) (Indonesian only): | — | mon | Wai U session note: (consultant uncertain about this form) |
| 186 you (anda): | mon | mon | |
| 187 they (meréka): | eb kim | — | Wai U session note: (unsure) |
| 188 what? (apa): | hapa | hapa | |
| 189 who? (siapa): | han | han | Wai U session note: han neka ‘who’s that’ offered
Sama session note: han neka ‘who’s that’ offered |
| 190 other (lain): | — | basa | |
| 191 all (semua) ([&<M]): | pakiaki | muamua | |
| 192 and (dan): | do | do | |
| 193 if (kalau): | kalo | kalo | |
| 194 how? (bagaimana): | baugoa | bagoa / bago | Wai U session note: also: bagoa neka / bago neka ‘how’s that’ |
| 195 no, not (tidak) ([&<mana?]): | moya | moya | |
| 196 to count (menghitung): | rek | hitung fata | Wai U session note: (consultant uncertain about this form) |
| 197 One (esa) (one’ (only used to express the oneness of God)): | — | hia | |
| 197 One (satu): | hia | hia | |
| 198 Two (dua): | gu | gu | |
| 199 Three (tiga): | gatel | gatel | |
| 200 Four (empat): | gareha | gareha | |
| 201 Five (lima): | galima | galima | |
| 202 Six (enam): | ganei | gane | Wai U session note: maybe ganee |
| 203 Seven (tujuh): | gapit | gapit | |
| 204 Eight (delapan): | gatahua | gatahua | |
| 205 Nine (sembilan): | gatasia | gatasia | |
| 206 Ten (sepuluh): | poa | poa | |
| 207 Twenty (dua puluh): | pogu | pogu / poagu’u | |
| 208 Fifty (lima puluh): | pogalima | pogalima | |
| 209 One Hundred (seratus): | ota | ota | |
| 210 One Thousand (seribu): | cahia | — | |
Appendix I. Dialect comparison lists. CMD region
The following lists were collected with the intention of following up on and refining part two of chapter two: new dialects. This data includes wordlists created by speakers of different age ranges for each of the region’s villages. Where words appear in duplicate, it indicates the speaker giving multiple responses in succession. Unfortunately it became clear that speaker variation will be difficult to describe and as such, revising my preliminary conclusions from Chapter Two is a task that is too ambitious for the present dissertation. It is one that I hope to return to, but I am providing the raw data in case another ambitious researcher can approach the task before me. All lists correspond to recordings archived and freely available.
| Kampung Capuli | ||||||
| Asmi Mafa | Fadli Sangaji | Tika Gorontalo | Ramli Gorantalo | Kalasun Kemhai | Ali Umasangaji | English |
| (Capuli ~25) | (Capuli ~21) | (Capuli ~38) | (Capuli ~28 y/o b. 1987) | (Capuli ~100) | (Capuli ~58 y/o b. 1957) | |
| Young F | Young M | Middle F | Middle M | Older F | Older M | |
| Sunday 26 July 2015 | Sunday 26 July 2015 | Sunday 26 July 2015 | Monday 27 July 2015 | Monday 27 July 2015 | Monday 27 July 2015 | |
| aku / ak / ak / aku | aku | aku | aku | aku | 1SG (saya) | |
| di | do | do | di | di | di | and (dan) |
| nan / nanu / nanu | nanu | nanu | nanu | nanu | nanu | bathe (mandi) |
| tena kau | tena (kau) | tena (kau) | tena (kau) | tena (kau) | tena (kau) | belly (perut) |
| bo heha | neʔu | neʔu heha | neʔu | (meja table) heha | heha / neʔu | below (di bawah) |
| aya | aya | aya | aya | aya | aya | big (besar) |
| miti | miti | miti | miti | miti | miti | black (hitam) |
| sana | bati | kau sana | branch (dahan) | |||
| ana | ana | ana | amehinana / anamehinana | ana | ana | child (anak) |
| nui | nui | nui | nui | nui | nui | coconut (kelapa) |
| katimu | katim | katimun | ketim | katimu | cucumber (ketimun) | |
| asu | asu | asu | asu | asu | asu | dog (anjing) |
| saota | saota | saota | saota | saota | saota | dry (kering) |
| tilu | tilu | tilu | tilu | tilu | tilu | ear (telinga) |
| haʔi | haʔi | haʔi | haʔi | haʔi | haʔi | earth/soil (tanah) |
| mantel / mantelu /mantelu /mantelu | mantelu | mantel / mantelu / mantelu | mantelu | mantelu | mantelu | egg (telur) |
| fua | foa | (kol) foa | (kol)foa | feathers (bulu) | ||
| daging | daging | daging | ihi | flesh (daging) | ||
| bunga | muhi | bunga | bunga | flower (bunga) | ||
| hitam | bafei | fog (kabut) | ||||
| gareha | gareha | gareha | gareha | gareha | gareha | four (empat) |
| fua | fua | fua | fua | fruit (buah) | ||
| keku | keku | keku | eka | keku | keku | grass (rumput) |
| napu | napu | keku | napu / napfoa | napu | napfoa | hair (rambut) |
| kota | kota | kota | kota | kota | hair louse (kutu) | |
| nap | napu | napu | napu | napu | napu | head (kapala) |
| sik / siku / siku / siku | sik | siku / saik / siku | siku | siku | siku | here (di sini) |
| uma | uma | uma | uma | uma | uma | house (rumah) |
| ota | ota | ota | ota | Hundred (one) (seratus) | ||
| bo lal | lal | bo lali | ba leu | lal | baleu / lal | in, inside ([di] dalam) |
| wai | taga | taga | lake (danau) | |||
| sagilaatu | sagila | sagilaat | sagila | kila | sagila | lightning (kilat) |
| lal | lal | lali | lali | lal | liver (hati) | |
| maana | maana | maana | maana | maana | maana | man/male (laki-laki) |
| kafin / kafini / kafini | kafini | kafin | kufini / kufini | kafini | kafini | mosquito (nyamuk) |
| dagati | dagati | dagat / dagati / dagati | dagati | dagati | dagati | narrow (sempit) |
| eki | eki | eki | eki | eki | eki | neck (léhér) |
| buku | donga | donga | node in bamboo, sugarcane (buku) | |||
| neʔi | neʔi | neʔi | neʔe | neʔe | neʔe | nose (hidung) |
| matua | tua | matua | matua | matua | matua | old (people) (tua) |
| hia | (fat)hia | hia | hia | hia | hia | one (satu) |
| sofa | fofa | fofa | plaited rattan fish trap (bubu) | |||
| uya | uya | uya | uya | uya | uya | rain (hujan) |
| safa | safa | safa | safa | safa | safa | rat (tikus) |
| yaeya | yaeya | yaieya | yaeya | yaieya | yaieya | road/path (jalan) |
| sanapetu | sanapetu | sahosa | sanapetu | sanapetu | roof thatch (atap) | |
| suba | suba | basa | suba | basa | rotten (busuk) | |
| gasi | gasi | gasi | gasi | gasi | gasi | salt (garam) |
| haʔi | haʔi | haʔi | haʔi | kumawai | kumawai | sand (pasir) |
| mahi | mahi | mahi | mahi | mahi | mahi | sea (laut) |
| gapitu | gapitu | gapit / gapitu / gapitu | gapitu | gapitu | gapitu | seven (tujuh) |
| yota | yota | yota | yota | yota | yota | short (pendek) |
| uha | uha | uha | uha | uha | shrimp, lobster (udang) | |
| bal / bal | bali | bali | bali | bali | bali | shy, ashamed (malu) |
| koli | koli | koli | koli | kol | koli | skin (kulit) |
| lan | faʔara | lan | lan | lani | lan | sky (langit) |
| nana | nana | nana | nana | nana | nana | small (kecil) |
| bafei | apfei | bafei | bafei (all smoke & fog)
apfei (fire smoke) |
smoke (asap) | ||
| fatu | fat | fat / fatu / fatu | fatu | fatu | fatu | stone (batu) |
| poa | poa | poa | (fat) poa | poa | poa | ten (sepuluh) |
| bagu | bagu | bagu | bagu | bagu | bagu | thick (tebal) |
| manipi | manip / manipi / manipi | manipi | manipi | manipi | thin (tipis) | |
| gatel | gatelu | gatel / gatelu / gatelu | gatelo (“same as gatelu”) | gatelu | gatel / gatelu | Three (tiga) |
| guntur | talapati | thunder (guntur) | ||||
| nihi | nihi | nihi | nihi | nihi | uka | to bite (gigit) |
| buha | buha | buha | buha | buha | buha | to blow (meniup) (a person blows (something) |
| badona | dona | dona | dona | dona | dona | to burn (membakar) |
| mama | samam | bakumur | samam | mama | to chew (mengunyah) | |
| bapili | lika | pili | lika | lika | to choose (memilih) | |
| duki | duki | duki | duki | duki | duki | to come (datang) |
| bamapu | bamapu | bamapu | bamapu | bamapu | bamapu | to cook (memasak) |
| yeba (menetak) | deti | deti | deti | deti / daʔeta (menetak) | deti | to cut (memotong) / to hack (menetak) |
| geka | geka | geka | geka | to dig (menggali) | ||
| win / winu / winu | winu | win / winu / winu | win / winu | winu | winu | to drink (minum) |
| gaya | gaya | gaya | gaya | gaya | gaya | to eat (makan) |
| kagi | kag | kagi | kagi | kagi | kagi | to fear (takut) |
| dota | dota | dota | tutu | dogi | to grow (tumbuh) | |
| gena | gena | gena | gena | gena | gena | to hear (mendengar) |
| gemu | luk / luku | gemu | gem (kati) / manakem | to hold (menggenggam) | ||
| nona | nona boli | nona | nona | nona | to lie down (berbaring) | |
| hoi | hoi | hoi | dika (“same as hoi”) | hoi | hoi | to open, uncover (membuka) |
| baseli | baseli | seli | baseli | seli | to plant (menanam) | |
| gahu | gahu | gada | gada | gahu | gahu | to scratch (mencakar) (to scratch (for the purpose of hurting) |
| gada | gahu / sakeu | gahu / gada | gada | gada | gahu | to scratch (menggaruk) (to scratch (an itch) |
| jubi | jubi | jubi | pana | jubi | to shoot (memanah) (To shoot with bow) | |
| banapi | banapi | banapi | banapi | banapi | banapi | to shoot (menémbak) |
| nib | nibu | nibu | nibu | nibu | nibu | to sit (duduk) |
| oyakeu | bitfua | buakeu | buakeu | buakeu | to spit (meludah) | |
| bama | wariu | bama | bama | bama | to split (membelah) | |
| ami | ami | ami | ami | to squeeze (memeras) | ||
| saku | saku | saku | saku | saku | woha | to stab, pierce (menikam)/(menusuk) |
| nanu | nan limayai | nanu | le | nanu | to swim (berenang) | |
| lifi | lifi | lifi | lifi | lifi | to turn (bélok) (to turn (halfway, 90 degrees) | |
| lifi | putar | bataboli | putar | gabalili | to turn (berputar) | |
| maki | maki | maki | maki | maki | tongue (lidah) (metathesis) | |
| nihi | nihi | nihi | nihi | nihi | nihi | tooth (gigi) |
| boti | boti | bot / boti / boti | boti | boti | boti | white (putih) |
| npani | pani | pani | mpani | pani | wing (sayap) | |
| uli cacing | tana / cacing | cacing | uli | cacing / uli | worm (earthworm) (cacing) | |
| tahun | tahun | tahun | year (tahun) | |||
| kakoni | kakoni | kakon | kakoni | kakoni | yellow (kuning) | |
| Kampung Wai U | ||||||
| Ria Halim | * | Hasrina Umasangaji | Mardono Murne | Hamsa Pora | Darmi Sangaji | English |
| (Wai U ~23 y/o b. 1992) | (Wai U ~31 y/o b. 1984) | (Wai U ~30 y/o b. 1985) | (Wai U ~72 y/o b. 1943) | (Wai U ~60 y/o b. 1955) | ||
| Young F | Middle F | Middle M | Older M | Older F | ||
| Saturday 1 August 2015 | Wednesday 29 July 2015 | Wednesday 29 July 2015 | Wednesday 29 July 2015 | Wednesday 29 July 2015 | ||
| *no consultant available. Small village and all of the young men were off to work | ||||||
| ak | aku / aku | aku / aku | ak / ak | ak / ak | 1SG (saya) | |
| di | di / di | do / do | and (dan) | |||
| nanu | nanu / nanu | nan / nan | nan / nan | nan / nan | bathe (mandi) | |
| tena (kau) | tena (kau) / tena (kau) | tena (kau) / tena (kau) | tena (kau) / tena (kau) | tena (kau) / tena (kau) | belly (perut) | |
| neʔu | neʔu / neʔu | bo heha / bo heha | bo heha / bo heha | neʔu / neʔu | below (di bawah) | |
| aya | aya / aya | aya / aya | aya / aya | aya / aya | big (besar) | |
| mit / miti / miti / miti | miti / miti | mit / mit | mit / mit | mit / mit | black (hitam) | |
| sana | sana / sana | kaopet / kaopet | sana / sana | kau sana | branch (dahan) | |
| ana | ana / ana | ana / ana | ana / ana | ana / ana | child (anak) | |
| nui | nui / nui | nui / nui | nui / nui | nui / nui | coconut (kelapa) | |
| mantimu / mantimu | katim / katim / katim | ketim / ketimun | cucumber (ketimun) | |||
| asu | asu / asu | as / as | as / as | as / as | dog (anjing) | |
| saota | saʔota / saʔota | saota / saota | saʔota / saʔota | saota / saota | dry (kering) | |
| tilu | tilu / tilu | til / til | til / til | til / til hosa | ear (telinga) | |
| haʔi | haʔi / haʔi | haʔi / haʔi | haʔi / haʔi / haʔi | haʔi / haʔi | earth/soil (tanah) | |
| mantelu | mantelu / mantelu | mantel / mantel | mantel / mantel | mantel / mantel | egg (telur) | |
| foa | foa / foa | foa / foa | foa / foa | foa / foa | feathers (bulu) | |
| daging | daging / daging | flesh (daging) | ||||
| flower (bunga) | ||||||
| bafei / bafei / bafei | fangara /fangara | bafei / bafei | bafei / bafei | bafei / bafel | fog (kabut) | |
| gareha | gareha / gareha | gareha / gareha | garea / garea | gareha / gareha | four (empat) | |
| fua | fua / fua | fua / fua | fua / fua | fruit (buah) | ||
| keku | kekku / kekku | eka / eka | kahik / kahik / kahik | kahik / kahik | grass (rumput) | |
| napu | napfoa / napfoa | nap foa / nap foa | nap / nap | nap / napu | hair (rambut) | |
| kota | kota / kota | kota / kota | kota / kota | kota / kota | hair louse (kutu) | |
| napfoka | napu / nap / napu | napu / napu | nap / nap | nap / nap
nap foka / nap foka |
head (kapala) | |
| bo siku | siku / siku | siku / siku | sik / sik | deha saʔik / deha saʔik | here (di sini) | |
| uma | uma / uma | uma / uma | uma / uma | uma / uma | house (rumah) | |
| ca ota | ota / ota | ota / ota | ota / ota | ota | Hundred (one) (seratus) | |
| bo lali | baleu (explains at 6 min)
bo lali / bo lali |
lal / lal | lal / lal | baleu / baleu
lal / lal |
in, inside ([di] dalam) | |
| taga / taga / taga | lake (danau) | |||||
| sagila / sagila | sagila / sagila | lightning (kilat) | ||||
| lal / lal | lal / lal | lal / lal | liver (hati) | |||
| maana | maʔana / maʔana | maʔana / maʔana | maʔana / maʔana | maʔana / maʔana | man/male (laki-laki) | |
| kafini | kafin / kafini | kafin / kafin | kafin / kafin | kafin / kafin | mosquito (nyamuk) | |
| dagati | dagati / dagati | dagat / dagat | dagat / dagai | dagat / dagat | narrow (sempit) | |
| eki | eki / eki | ek waka / ek waka | ek / ek / ek | ek (waka) / ek (waka) | neck (léhér) | |
| donga / donga / donga | donga / donga | node in bamboo, sugarcane (buku) | ||||
| neʔe | neʔe / neʔe | nee / nee / neʔe | neʔi / neʔi | neʔe / neʔe | nose (hidung) | |
| matua | matua / matua | matua / matua | matua / matua | maota / maota (e.g. old coconut)
matua / matua (old people) |
old (people) (tua) | |
| hia | hia / hia | hia / hia | hia / hia | hia / hia | one (satu) | |
| fofa / fofa | plaited rattan fish trap (bubu) | |||||
| uya | uya / uya | uya /uya | uya / uya | uya / uya | rain (hujan) | |
| saafa / safa / saafa | safa / safa | safa / safa | saafa / saafa | safa / safa | rat (tikus) | |
| yaeya | nyaieya / nyaieya | nyaieya / nyaieya / nyaieya | ya / ya | yai eya / yai eya | road/path (jalan) | |
| sanapetu | sanapet / sanapet | sanapet / sanapet | roof thatch (atap) | |||
| suba | basa / basa | basa / basa | basa / basa | patsuba / patsuba | rotten (busuk) | |
| gasi | gasi / gasi | gas / gas | gas / gas | gas / gas | salt (garam) | |
| haʔi | haʔi / haʔi | haʔi / haʔi | haʔi / haʔi | hai | sand (pasir) | |
| mahi | mahi / mahi | mahi / mahi | mahi / mahi | mahi / mahi | sea (laut) | |
| gapitu | gapitu / gapitu | gapit / gapit | gapit / gapit | gapit / gapit | seven (tujuh) | |
| yota | yota / yota | yota / yota | yota / yota | yota / yota | short (pendek) | |
| uha | uha / uha | uha / uha | uha / uha | shrimp, lobster (udang) | ||
| bali | bali / bali | bal / bal | bal / bal | bahal / bahal | shy, ashamed (malu) | |
| koli | koli / koli | kol / kol | kol / kol | kol / kol | skin (kulit) | |
| lan | lan / lan | lan / lan | lan / aya | sky (langit) | ||
| nana | nana / nana | nana / nana | nana / nana | nana / nana | small (kecil) | |
| apfei | apfei / apfei | bafei / bafei | apfei / apfei
bafei / bafei |
apfei / apfei | smoke (asap) | |
| fatu | fatu / fatu | fat / fat | fat / fat | fat / fat | stone (batu) | |
| poa | poa / poa | poa / poa | poa / poa | poa / poa | ten (sepuluh) | |
| bagu / bagu | bag / bag | bag / bag | bagu / bagu | thick (tebal) | ||
| manipi | manipi /manipi | manip / manip | manip / manip | manip / manip | thin (tipis) | |
| gatelu | gatelu / gatelu | gatel / gatel | gatel / gatel | gatel / gatel | Three (tiga) | |
| telapat / telapat | telapat / telapat | thunder (guntur) | ||||
| uka | uka / uka | nihi / nihi | uka / uka | nihi / nihi | to bite (gigit) | |
| buha | buha / buha | buha / buha | buha / buha | buha / buha | to blow (meniup) (a person blows (something) | |
| batona | dona / dona | dona / dona | dona /dona | a tona / a tona | to burn (membakar) | |
| samam | samam | mama / mama | samam / samam | to chew (mengunyah) | ||
| pili | pili / pili | pili / pili | to choose (memilih) | |||
| duki | duk / duki / duki | duk / duk | duk / duk | duk / duk | to come (datang) | |
| bamapu | bamapu / bamapu | bamapu / bamap | bamapu / bamapu | bamapu / bamapu | to cook (memasak) | |
| deti | bota / bota | bota / bota | det / det | a tet / a tet
gi det / gi det |
to cut (memotong) / to hack (menetak) | |
| gahu | gahu / gahu | gahu / gahu | geka / geka | to dig (menggali) | ||
| winu | winu / winu | win / win | win / win | a win / a win | to drink (minum) | |
| gaya | gaya / gaya | gaya / gaya | gaya / gaya | gaya / gaya | to eat (makan) | |
| kag / kagi | kagi / kagi | kagi / kagi | kag / kag | a kag / a kag / a kag | to fear (takut) | |
| dogi / dogi | dog / dog | dog / dog | a tut / a tut | to grow (tumbuh) | ||
| gena | geni / geni (“gena” after man said it) | gena / gena | baker / baker / baker | a paked / a paked | to hear (mendengar) | |
| kafi | gemu / gemu | sakaf / sakaf | gem / gem | to hold (menggenggam) | ||
| nona | nona / nona | nona / nona | nona bol / nona bol | to lie down (berbaring) | ||
| hoi | hoi / hoi | hoi / hoi | hoi / hoi | hoi / hoi | to open, uncover (membuka) | |
| baseli | seli / seli | basel / basel | sel / sel | a basel / a basel | to plant (menanam) | |
| gama | gahu / gahu | gama / gama | gaama / gaama | gahu / gahu | to scratch (mencakar) (to scratch (for the purpose of hurting) | |
| gahu | sakeu / sakeu | sakeu / sakeu | gada / gada / gada | a kahu / a kahu | to scratch (menggaruk) (to scratch (an itch) | |
| pana | jubi / jubi | pana / pana | jub / jub | jubi / jub / jubi / jub | to shoot (memanah) (To shoot with bow) | |
| banap | banapi / banapi | banap / banap | banap / banap | banapi / banapi | to shoot (menémbak) | |
| nibu | nibu / nibu | nib / nib | nib / nib | nib / nib | to sit (duduk) | |
| buakeu | buakeu / buakeu | buʔakeu / buʔakeu | buʔakeu / buʔakeu | buakeu / buakeu | to spit (meludah) | |
| pama | sida / sida
daʔa / daʔa (if coconut) |
bama / bama | bama / bama | a pama / a bama | to split (membelah) | |
| ami | ami / ami | am / am | ami / am | a am / a am | to squeeze (memeras) | |
| bona | saku / saku | sak / sak | sak | saku / saku | to stab, pierce (menikam)/(menusuk) | |
| nanu | nanu / nanu | nan / nan | nan / nan | i nan / i nan | to swim (berenang) | |
| lifi | lif / lif | lif / lif | a lif / a lif | to turn (bélok) (to turn (halfway, 90 degrees) | ||
| saka lifi | daiʔoa / daiʔoa | lif / lifi / lifi | lif puta / lif puta | taputar / taputar | to turn (berputar) | |
| maki | maki / maki | mak / mak | mak / mak | maki / maki | tongue (lidah) (metathesis) | |
| nihi | nihi / nihi | nihi / nihi | nihi / nihi | nihi / nihi | tooth (gigi) | |
| boti | boti / boti | boti / bot | bot / bot | bot / bot | white (putih) | |
| pani | pani / pani | pan / pan | pan / pan | pan / pan | wing (sayap) | |
| mokawaʔi / mokawaʔi | ul / ul | ul / ul | worm (earthworm) (cacing) | |||
| taun | taun / taun | tahun / tahun | taun / taun | year (tahun) | ||
| koni | kakoni / kakoni | kakoni / kakoni | kakon / kakon | kakon / kakon | yellow (kuning) | |
| Kampung Ulfoa | ||||||
| Mardani Umasangaji | Eko P | Uni Umasangaji | Idham Pora | Aisa Umasangaji | Kasim Pora | English |
| (Ulfoa ~17 y/o b. 1998) | (Ulfoa ~17 y/o b. 1998) | (Ulfoa ~27 or ~37 y/o self reports birth year as 1988 but probably misspoke & 1978 in reality) | (Ulfoa ~41 y/o b. 1974) | (Ulfoa ~55 y/o b. 1960) | (Ulfoa ~49 y/o) | |
| Young F | Young M | Middle F (born Capuli, lived in Ulfoa at least 10 years) | Middle M | Older F | Older M | |
| Friday 31 July 2015 | Friday 31 July 2015 | Friday 31 July 2015 | Friday 31 July 2015 | Saturday 1 August 2015 | Thursday 30 July 2015 | |
| ak | aku | aku | aku | aku | ak | 1SG (saya) |
| do | di | di | di | do | do / do | and (dan) |
| nan | nan | nanu | nan | nan | nan | bathe (mandi) |
| tena (kau) | tena (kau) | tena (kau) | tena (kau) | tena (kau) | tena (kau) | belly (perut) |
| neu / neu heha | neʔu | neʔu heha | bo heha | neʔu / neu | neu / ila neu / ila neu | below (di bawah) |
| aya | aya | aya | aya | aya | aya | big (besar) |
| mit | mit | miti | miti | mit | mit | black (hitam) |
| sana | in sana | daeti
kau sana |
kau sana | sana / kau sana | branch (dahan) | |
| nana | ana mehi | ana | ana | anak | ana
nana |
child (anak) |
| nui | nui | nui | nui | nui | nui | coconut (kelapa) |
| katim | katim | katim | katim | katim | cucumber (ketimun) | |
| asu | asu | asu | asu | as | as | dog (anjing) |
| saota | saota | saota | saota | saota | saota | dry (kering) |
| til | tilu | tilu | til / tilu | til | ear (telinga) | |
| hai | haʔi | haʔi | haʔi | hai | hai | earth/soil (tanah) |
| mantel | mantel | mantelu | mantel | mantel | mantel | egg (telur) |
| foa | man foa | foa | foa | foa | foa | feathers (bulu) |
| flesh (daging) | ||||||
| flower (bunga) | ||||||
| fangara | bafe (long e) | bafei | bafei | fog (kabut) | ||
| gareha | gareha | gareha | gareha | gareha | gareha | four (empat) |
| kao fua | fua | fua | bua | fua | fruit (buah) | |
| eka | eka | keku | kiku | eka | kahik / kahik
eka |
grass (rumput) |
| nap foa | napu | napu / nap foa | nap foa | nap | napwaka / napwaka | hair (rambut) |
| kota | kota | kota | kota | kota | kota | hair louse (kutu) |
| nap | napu | napu | napu
nap foka / nap foka / nap foka |
nap | nap foka / nap / nap foka | head (kapala) |
| saʔik
siku |
siku | siku | siku | saik | saik* | here (di sini) |
| *saik (to here) siku / siku (to there at 14 min in sound file) | ||||||
| uma | uma | uma | uma | uma | uma | house (rumah) |
| ota | fat ota | ota | ota | ota | ota | Hundred (one) (seratus) |
| bo lal | bo lal | lal | bo lal | lal | lal | in, inside ([di] dalam) |
| wai duba | taga | tahaga | lake (danau) | |||
| telanihi | sagila | lightning (kilat) | ||||
| lal | lal | lal | lal | lal | lal | liver (hati) |
| maana | maʔana | maana | maana | maʔana | maana | man/male (laki-laki) |
| kafin | kafin | kafin | kafin | kafin | kafin | mosquito (nyamuk) |
| gati | nana
dagati |
dagati dagati | dagat | dagat | dagat | narrow (sempit) |
| ek lawa | eki / ek lawa | eki / ek lawa | eki / ek lawa / ek lawa | ek | ek lawa | neck (léhér) |
| foka | foka / foka
donga / donga |
donga | foka / foka* | node in bamboo, sugarcane (buku) | ||
| *donga / donga (same meaning — both knuckle, elbow, bamboo joint etc) | ||||||
| neʔe | neʔe | neʔi | neʔi | neʔe | nee / nee | nose (hidung) |
| matua | matua | matua | matua | matua | matua | old (people) (tua) |
| hia | fat hia | hia | hia | hia | hia | one (satu) |
| fofa | fofa | fofa | plaited rattan fish trap (bubu) | |||
| uya | uya | uya | uya | uya | uya | rain (hujan) |
| safa | safa | safa | safa | saafa | safa | rat (tikus) |
| yaeya lal | yaieya | yaieya | yaeya | yaeya | yaeya | road/path (jalan) |
| sanapet | sanapet | sanapetu | sanapetu | sanapet | sanapet | roof thatch (atap) |
| basa | basa | basa | basa | basa | basa | rotten (busuk) |
| gasi | gasi | gasi | gasi | gas | gas | salt (garam) |
| kumawai | haʔi | haʔi | kumawai | haʔi | kum hai / kum hai | sand (pasir) |
| mahi | mahi | mahi | mahi | mahi | mahi | sea (laut) |
| gapit | gapitu | gapitu | gapit | gapit | kam kam / kam kam | seven (tujuh) |
| yota | yota | yota | yota | yota | yota | short (pendek) |
| uha | uha | uha | uha | uha | uha | shrimp, lobster (udang) |
| bal | bal | bal | bal / bahal | bal / bahal | bahal | shy, ashamed (malu) |
| kol | kol | koli | kol | kol | kol | skin (kulit) |
| lan | lan | lan | lan | lan | lan | sky (langit) |
| nana | nana | nana | nana | nana | nana | small (kecil) |
| apfei | bafei | bafe (long e) | apfei | apfei | apfee / apfee | smoke (asap) |
| fat | fatu | fatu | fatu / fatu / fat / fat | fatu | fat | stone (batu) |
| poa | fat poa | poa | poa | poa | poa | ten (sepuluh) |
| bag | bagu | bagu | bagu | bagu | bag | thick (tebal) |
| manip | manipi | manipi | manip | manip | manip | thin (tipis) |
| gatel | gatelu | gatel | gatel | gatel | gatel | Three (tiga) |
| thunder (guntur) | ||||||
| nihi | uka | uka | nihi / nihi / nihi / nihi | nihi | uka | to bite (gigit) |
| buha | buha | buha | buha | buha | bufa | to blow (meniup) (a person blows (something) |
| batona | dona | dona | batona | dona | dona (burning)
batona (to burn something) |
to burn (membakar) |
| samam | gaya | samam | samam / samam / samam / samam | samam | gaya | to chew (mengunyah) |
| wa iku | wa | lika | pili fa / lika / lika fa / lika | pili | lika | to choose (memilih) |
| duk | duki | duki | duki | duk | duk | to come (datang) |
| bamap | bamapu | bamapu | bamapu | bamapu | bamapu | to cook (memasak) |
| bota | bota | bama | deti | bota | det / det
bota / bota |
to cut (memotong) / to hack (menetak) |
| gahui | gahu | gahui | gahu | gahu | gahu / gahu | to dig (menggali) |
| win | win | win | win | win | win | to drink (minum) |
| gaya | gaya | gaya | gaya | gaya | gaya | to eat (makan) |
| kag | kagi | kagi | kagi | kag | kag | to fear (takut) |
| dog | dota | dogi | dogi | dog | dog | to grow (tumbuh) |
| gena | gena | gena faʔa / gena faʔa / gena faʔa | gena | gena | to hear (mendengar) | |
| gem | gem | gemu | gem fa / gem kat fa | gawak (hold in a fist) | manakem | to hold (menggenggam) |
| nona bol | nona | nona | nona bol | nona | nona bol | to lie down (berbaring) |
| hoi | hoi | hoi | hoi | hoi | hoi | to open, uncover (membuka) |
| sel / basel | sel
basel |
basel | basel | sel | sel | to plant (menanam) |
| gahu | gahu | gama | gahu | gahu | to scratch | |
| (mencakar) (to scratch (for the purpose of hurting) | ||||||
| gahu | gahu | gahu | sakeu | sakeu | sakeu | to scratch |
| (menggaruk) (to scratch (an itch) | ||||||
| pana | bapana | bapana | jub | pana / bapana / bapana | to shoot (memanah) (To shoot with bow) | |
| banap | banapi | banapi | banapi | banap | banap | to shoot (menémbak) |
| nib | nibu | nibu | nibu | nib | nib | to sit (duduk) |
| keu | buakeu / keu | buakeu | buʔa keu | buakeu | oya keu / buakeu / buakeu | to spit (meludah) |
| bama | bama | bama | bama | bama | bama | to split (membelah) |
| am | am | am | am | am | am | to squeeze (memeras) |
| sak | saku | saku | saku
woha |
sak / saku / saku / saku | sak (stab)
manasak (to stab) |
to stab, pierce (menikam)/(menusuk) |
| nan | nan | nanu | nan / nan mahi / nan / nanu | nan | nan | to swim (berenang) |
| lif | lifi | lifi | lifi | bali | lif | to turn (bélok) |
| (to turn (halfway, 90 degrees) | ||||||
| gamat putar | putar | ta putar | taputar | to turn (berputar) | ||
| mak | maki | maki | maki | mak | mak | tongue (lidah) (metathesis) |
| nihi | nihi | nihi | nihi | nihi | nihi | tooth (gigi) |
| bot | boti | boti | boti | bot | bot | white (putih) |
| inpan | pani | mpan | pan | pan | wing (sayap) | |
| ul nana / ul | ul nana / ul | ul / uli / uli | makodi
cacing |
worm (earthworm) (cacing) | ||
| tahun | tahun | year (tahun) | ||||
| kakon | kon | kon | kakon | kakon | kon / kon | yellow (kuning) |