Chapter 4: lexicon (l-r)

la (1)  ‘so that’ | Bahasa Indonesia: agar | location: unknown | source: Umaternate | 2013.

la (2)  ‘to fly’ | Bahasa Indonesia: terbang | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina, (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon, Fagudu, Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

la dad moya  ‘impossible, untrue, bluff, untrue’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tidak mungkin | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

la eya  ‘midday’/’noon’ | Bahasa Indonesia: siang | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2015 | note: see also mum.

la’oka  ‘to give birth’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

laː

  ‘to fly’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

laa  ‘to fly’ | Bahasa Indonesia: terbang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lab  ‘dress’/’shirt’/’jacket’/’clothing’ | Bahasa Indonesia: baju, kemeja, pakaian | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

labahu  ‘to become’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menjadi | collected on: Mangon, Mangon village | source: two to three consultants | 2014.

ladu  ‘to weave’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

laf  ‘fog’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kabut | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu, Falahu tribes | 2014.

lagu  ‘song’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

lai (1)  ‘earth, soil’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tanah | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014 | note: lai is perfectly acceptable in some dialects, but hai appears to be the common standard. There are many other words with l~h variation.

lai (2)  ‘cotton’/’thread’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

lai mai  ‘dust’ | Bahasa Indonesia: debu | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

laka  ‘to walk’/’to go’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jalan, pergi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

laka berkema  ‘go camping’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berkemah (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

laka bisloi  ‘to hunt’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berburu | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014 | note: literally ‘walk’ + ‘search for’.

laka hibar-hibar  ‘stroll along looking for a good time’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pergi hiburan | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: single consultant | 2014.

laka kaya  ‘go eat’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

laka laka  ‘travel’/’rambling’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jalan-jalan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

laka maneha neha  ‘straight ahead’ | Bahasa Indonesia: terus | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

laka mot  ‘follow, join’ | e.g. laka mot do ak ‘go with me’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

laka pasel  ‘to go planting’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

laka pisloi  ‘to go searching’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

laka soi  ‘to hunt’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berburu | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

laka terus  ‘go straight ahead’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

laka tima bo wai ngapu  ‘to go upstream’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this literally means ‘walk inland toward the head of the water’.

laka yai  ‘walk’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jalan kaki | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: literally ‘walk leg’.

laka-laka  ‘road/path’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jalanan | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

lakafa  ‘to yawn’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this form is likely an alternate pronunciation of ‘breathe’/’inhale’ bakafa. See also bakafa aya.

lal (1)  ‘inside’ | (‘heart’ in the symbolic sense and perhaps the literal sense as well depending on village.) | Bahasa Indonesia: dalam | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also tuka.

lal (2)  ‘heart’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jantung | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

lal (3)  ‘liver’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hati | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

lal (4)  ‘intestines’ | Bahasa Indonesia: usus | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu, Falahu tribes | 2014.

lal basah  ‘angry’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘inside anger.

lal basahn  ‘angry’ (general) | Bahasa Indonesia: marah | collected on: Sanana | source: three to five consultants | 2010–2019 | note: there is quite likely a whispered a breaking apart the hn cluster, as hana is another form for ‘angry’.

lal bena  ‘jealous anger’ | e.g. ak lal bena ‘I’m filled with jealousy’ | Bahasa Indonesia: iri hati | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lal eya  ‘selfish’ | Bahasa Indonesia: egois | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lal fuk maana  ‘brother (younger)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: adik laki-laki | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lal gika  ‘jealous’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

lal kangela  ‘sad’/’heart break’/’emotional’ | Bahasa Indonesia: emosionil | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

lal masusa  ‘sad’/’heart break’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

lal senang  ‘happy’/’comfortable’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

lal suka (1)  ‘glad’/’like’/’happy’/’celebrate’/’surprise’ | Bahasa Indonesia: senang, suka | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: literally ‘inner like’.

lal suka (2)  ‘to like a lot’/’to love’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

lal sukasuka  ‘Favorite’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

lal wak kampung  ‘homesick’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rindu kampung | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lali  ‘liver’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hati | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

lama  ‘eye’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also hama.

lama ka’oki  ‘blind’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also (hama) kaok.

lama pasang gili  ‘squinting’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

lama tina  ‘forehead’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

lamatuka  ‘face’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also lug.

lamida lila  ‘chin’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

lamper  ‘lamp’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

lamua  ‘so’/’in order to’ | Bahasa Indonesia: untuk | collected on: Mangon, Mangon village | source: two to three consultants | 2014.

lan  ‘sky’ | Bahasa Indonesia: langit | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

langi  ‘sky’ | Bahasa Indonesia: langit | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

langpama  Moorish idol (zanclus cornutus) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

lani (1)  ‘almost’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

lani (2)  ‘sky’ | Bahasa Indonesia: langit | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

lani (3)  ‘near’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dekat | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

lap  ‘slap’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tempeleng | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: two to three consultants | 2015 | note: see also sapa.

lapa lapa / la’apa  ‘butterfly’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kupu-kupu | collected on: Mangon, Sanana, Malbufa village | source: three to five consultants | 2010–2019.

lapi (lapi-lapi)  parrotfish (scaridae) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

las ot / las oti  ‘foreskin’ (vulgar) | Bahasa Indonesia: kulup | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2015 | note: be careful with this word. Directing it at a person is a severe insult, and can easily instigate violence.

lasa  ‘langsat fruit’ (lansium parasiticum) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

lat pel  ‘late’ (late for an event) | Bahasa Indonesia: terlambat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

laulau  ‘feel (touch)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: merasa [rasa] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lawa  ‘spider’ | Bahasa Indonesia: laba-laba | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lawai  ‘throat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tenggorokan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lawai saota  ‘thirsty’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘throat’ + ‘dry’.

lawi  ‘cotton’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

lawoi sa’ota  ‘thirsty’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also saota, lawai saota.

lay tuka gika  ‘rheumatism’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

layu  scorpionfish (scorpaenidae) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

le  ‘to dive’/’to swim’ | Bahasa Indonesia: selam | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2014.

lea  ‘sun’ | Bahasa Indonesia: matahari | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lea / lea lea  ‘calmly’/’placid’ | e.g. wai ewa lea lea ‘the water flows gently’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pelan, pelan-pelan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lea / leha  ‘main road’/’local’/’location’/’place’/’spot’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jalan raya, lokal, lokasi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lea bana bal katim  ‘sunburn’ | Bahasa Indonesia: terbakar sinar matahari | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lea bena  ‘sunrise’ | Bahasa Indonesia: matahari terbit | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: lea pefa bo timur do seb bo barat ‘the sun rises to the east and sets to the west’. See also lea pefa.

lea kadiga  ‘drought’/’summer’/’heatwave’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘strong sun’.

lea kadiga bal da bol  ‘sunstroke’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kelangar matahari | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2010–2019 | note: da bol ‘sick’.

lea neu  ‘afternoon’ / PM | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

lea ngada  ‘door’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also eamata.

lea nonu  ‘sleeping place’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also (Mangon) liha nonu, leha nonu collected on: Sanana lea nona, leha nona.

lea pefa  ‘sunrise’ | Bahasa Indonesia: matahari terbit | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: lea pefa bo timur do seb bo barat ‘the sun rises to the east and sets to the west’. See also lea bena.

lea-lea  ‘placid’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

leakau  ‘steps’/’stairs’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tangga | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this is certainly false. This term means ‘wood place’ and is in no way specific to stairs.

leaneu / lea neu  ‘afternoon’ | e.g. hai dewika lea neu ‘tomorrow afternoon/early evening’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sore | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

leasa geka  ‘venereal disease’ | Bahasa Indonesia: penyakit kelamin | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

leb  ‘valley’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lembah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

leba  ‘to carry’ | (when carrying an item that is tied to a stick over your shoulder) | collected on: Sanana, Umahoya village | Source: Fagudu tribe | 2014.

lef  ‘to write’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tulis | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015.

leha  ‘place’, ‘space’, ‘without’/’local’/’location’/’place’ | e.g. an open space | Bahasa Indonesia: tempat, tanpa | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

leha bamap  ‘kitchen’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pohon dapur | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015 | note: Mango form is likely lea bamapu.

leha gaya  ‘dining place’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ruang makan | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015 | note: change to giya in for villages that do not use gaya. Change to lea for Mangon.

leha nan  ‘bathroom’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kamar mandi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

leha nib  ‘accommodation’/’chair’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tempat menginap | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: nib means both ‘to sit’ and ‘to reside’.

leha nib bo sahoa  ‘address’ | Bahasa Indonesia: alamat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: literally ‘place reside at where’.

leha nona  ‘bedroom, bed, sleeping birth’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kamar tidur, tempat tidur | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

leha perenta  ‘region’ | Bahasa Indonesia: wilayah (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lei  ‘to swim’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

lela  ‘enjoy’/AUX | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

lela fatu  ‘breast” | Bahasa Indonesia: i.e. ‘chest’ | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

lelafatu  ‘back’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

lemak  ‘grease’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lemak | collected on: Mangon, Wai U village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

lepa (1)  DIRECTION either clockwise or counterclockwise around island depending on village | Bahasa Indonesia: di atas | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: directions: lepa ‘up’ and neu ‘down’ correspond to clockwise and counterclockwise depending on the village. Directions: tema ‘inland’ and fai ‘seaward’ are universal in Sula.

lepa (2)  ‘above’/’on top of’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di atas | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lepa (3)  ‘owe’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berhutang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lepa (4)  ‘on’/’over’/’up’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

lepa, la lepa  ‘above’ | Bahasa Indonesia: [di] atas | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

lepayau  ‘high’/’hight’/’tall’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tinggi | collected on: Sanana, Pastina village | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

leu  ‘hole’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

lewa  ‘to run’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lari | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

leya bira pit  ‘suneclipse’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

li  ‘voice’/’word’/’sound’/’language’/’speech’ | Bahasa Indonesia: suara, kata | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

li sei  ‘hoarse’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

li’i / lii / li  ‘language’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

lia  ‘sun’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

lia buba  ‘warm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: matahari panas | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

liangada  ‘to knock’ (consecutive strikes) | e.g. knock at the door | Bahasa Indonesia: mengetuk | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: single consultant | 2014.

lida  ‘mountain’/’hill’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gunung, bukit | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

lida duku  ‘volcano’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also lida ap.

lida lepayau  ‘plateau’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dataran tinggi | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010–2019 | note: literally ‘mountain up far’.

lida ma’ihi  ‘hill’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

lida’ap  ‘volcano’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gunung api | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: literally ‘mountain fire’.

lif (1)  ‘writing’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

lif (2)  ‘back’ | (position) | Bahasa Indonesia: kembali | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lif (3)  ‘to turn halfway, 90 degrees’ | e.g. (1) lif hifa ‘turn to’ (2) lif hafa ‘turn fro’ | Bahasa Indonesia: belok | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lif (ila) kul  ‘turn right’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

lif (ila) tapa  ‘turn left’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

lif gehi  ‘turn around’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

lif puta  ‘to turn completely, 180 degrees’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berputar | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

lifi  ‘to turn halfway, 90 degrees’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bélok | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

liha nona  ‘sleeping place’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also (Mangon) lea nonu, leha nonu collected on: Sanana lea nona, leha nona.

lika  ‘to choose’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memilih [pilih] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

lil  ‘to weave’/’to braid’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tenuhan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lila tembaga  ‘cannon’ | Bahasa Indonesia: meriam | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

lili siyo  ‘to weave’/’to braid’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menenun | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

lima  ‘hand’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tangan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

lima al  ‘palm of the hand’ | Bahasa Indonesia: telapak tangan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

lima foku / lima foka  ‘knuckle’ | Bahasa Indonesia: buku | collected on: Mangon, Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: lima foku is the Mangon form. The Sanana form is lima foka.

lima kaku wanga / lima wanga / lima koku  ‘finger’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jari | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

lima kaku wango nini  ‘thumb’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ibu jari | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also lima koka wana aya.

lima kau  ‘arm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lengan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

lima koka wana / lima wana  ‘finger’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jari | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

lima koka wana aya  ‘thumb’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ibu jari | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also lima kaku wango nini.

lima koka wana istinja  ‘ring finger’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jari manis | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I collected ‘ring finger’ as limawana mina.

lima lafa  ‘hand’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tangan | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

lima tuka  ‘palm of the hand’ | Bahasa Indonesia: telapak tangan | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

lima wana  ‘finger’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jari | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lima wana meihi  ‘little finger’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jari kecil | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

lima wana patub  ‘indexfinger’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jari telunjuk | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

lima wana tena / lima wanga tenga  ‘middle finger’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jari tengah | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010.

lima wango nana  ‘little finger’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jari kecil | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

limpa  ‘debt’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hutang | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

limu cui  ‘lemon’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lemon | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

limu kia  ‘grapefruit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jeruk bali | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

lin  ‘flare up’/’inflammation’ | Bahasa Indonesia: peradangan | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

ling  ‘slant’/’slope’ | Bahasa Indonesia: miring, lereng | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

lipa (1)  ‘above’/’upper’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di atas | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: archaic. See also lepa.

lipa (2)  ‘debt’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hutang | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

lipa yau  ‘high’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tinggi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

lira  ‘Mountain’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gunung | collected on: Sanana | source: from a Facei tribe member | 2010 | note: see also lida.

lispeu  ‘headcloth’ | (for men) | Bahasa Indonesia: kain kepala | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

liya bakampu  ‘suneclipse’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

loda  ‘to scatter seeds’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

lofi  ‘to grill’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

lohi  ‘to commit adultery’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

loi  ‘bone’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

loi (1)  triggerfish spine | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014 | note: loi/hoi means ‘bone’, so I’m uncertain if this is also a specific term for a triggerfish spine.

loi (2)  ‘bone’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also hoi collected on: Sanana.

loi (3)  ‘earth’ | (ground) | Bahasa Indonesia: tanah | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

loi (4)  ‘bone’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tulang | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

loi (5)  thorn’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

loi nau  ‘back’ | Bahasa Indonesia: punggung | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

loleu  ‘harbor’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

lopa (1)  ‘to gather’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also lopu.

lopa (2)  ‘crop’ | Bahasa Indonesia: panen | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lopu  ‘to gather’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also lopa.

losi-losi / los-los  ‘few’/’little (quantity)’ | collected on: Mangon, Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

lota  ‘boat’ | e.g. (1) lota (don) soba ‘sailboat’ (2) lota aya ‘large boat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: perahu layar | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also bodi, jonson.

lu  ‘a little’/’few’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

lu-lu (1)  ‘half’ | Bahasa Indonesia: setengah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lu-lu (2)  ‘half’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

lu’u  ‘few’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

lua  ‘to vomit’/’to throw up’ | Bahasa Indonesia: muntah | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina, (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon, Fagudu, Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

lua / luah  ‘vomit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: muntah | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

luar  ‘abroad’ | Bahasa Indonesia: luar negeri (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

luba  ‘spill’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

lubayon  ‘mouth’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

lubayon foa  ‘mustache’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

lug (1)  ‘face’ | Bahasa Indonesia: wajah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lug (2)  across from’/’opposite’/’in front of’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

lug (3)  forward’/’front’ | Bahasa Indonesia: muka | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

lug de lug  ‘opposite’ (face to face) | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

luk  ‘to hold’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggenggam | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

luku  ‘to hold’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggenggam | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

lulu  ‘few’/’little (quantity)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sedikit | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lulu para  ‘simple’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sederhana | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

lut foya  ‘smallpox’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: thanks to vaccines, this word is no longer necessary.

luti foya  ‘smallpox’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: thanks to vaccines, this word is no longer necessary.

ma ga’a  ‘relax’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bersantai | collected on: Sanana, Fatkouyun village | Facei tribe | 2014.

ma lia  ‘to swallow’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: abbreviated form of man sumbulia.

ma-  verbal prefix | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ma-hara  ‘to hate’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ma-hoka  ‘dull’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ma-lia  ‘to swallow’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ma’af  ‘excuse me (ice breaker)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

ma’ana / maana / mana  ‘man’ | (human and animal) | Bahasa Indonesia: pria, laki-laki | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010.

ma’angu  ‘drunk’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

ma’apa  ‘butterfly’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

ma’oma  ‘weak’ | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2014 | note: see also ma’uta.

ma’untu  ‘ripe’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

ma’uta  ‘paralyzed’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

maab  ‘obsolete’/’worn out’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lapuk | location: unknown | source: Umaternate | 2013.

maaf  ‘forgive’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memaafkan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

maana  ‘man’/’male’ | Bahasa Indonesia: laki-laki | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa, Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

maanama’ana  ‘man/male’ | Bahasa Indonesia: laki-laki | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

macan  ‘tiger’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

maciam  ‘example’ | Bahasa Indonesia: contoh | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mada  ‘to be awake’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also mara. Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

maenang  ‘necklace’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kalung | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mafai  ‘to swell’/’inflammation’ | Bahasa Indonesia: membengkak, radang | collected on: Sanana; Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also maufai.

magaa (1)  ‘silent’ | Bahasa Indonesia: diam | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2014.

magaa (2)  ‘until’ | e.g. (1) maga.a aduk pihu ‘until I come back again’ (2) uya maga bauhi ‘it will rain until night’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sampai | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

maha  ‘ripe’ | Bahasa Indonesia: matang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also bamata ‘unripe’.

maha’aya  ‘light’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

mahak  ‘sick’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sakit | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015.

mahal  ‘expensive’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

mahana  ‘allergic’/’itch’/’itchy’ | Bahasa Indonesia: alergi, gatal | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mahara  ‘to scream’/’to hate’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

mahi (1)  ‘sea’ | Bahasa Indonesia: laut | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

mahi (2)  ‘soup broth’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kaldu | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mahi (bo) lal  ‘bay’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: lit. ocean’ + LOC + ‘inside’.

mahi / ma’i / mai  ‘ocean’/’sea’ | Bahasa Indonesia: samudera, laut | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

mahi bena  ‘tsunami’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘ocean climb’.

mahi dab  ‘seasick’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mabuk laut | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mahi ila  ‘coast’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pantai | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mahi pon  ‘coast’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pantai | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mahisa  ‘chili pepper’ | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2010 | note: see also rica.

mahoka  ‘dull, blunt’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tumpul | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

mahuba  ‘hurricane/typhoon’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

mahubo  ‘storm’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also mahuba.

mahus  ‘raw’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mentah (sp?) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mai (1)  ‘but’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tetapi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mai (2)  ‘even’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pun | location: unknown | source: Umaternate | 2013.

mai (3)  ‘let’s’ | e.g. (1) mai ol ‘let’s begin’ (2) mai bosu tabaku ‘let’s smoke’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mari | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mai (4)  ‘side-dish’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

mai (5)  ‘sea’ | Bahasa Indonesia: laut | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

mai babiru  ‘blue’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hijau | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014 | note: literally ‘ocean green’.

mai dad  ‘could’, ‘may’, ‘might’/AUX | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

mai ol / mai dad ol  ‘let’s start’ | collected on: Sanana, Umahoya village | Source: Fagudu tribe | 2014.

mai-mai  ‘dust’ | Bahasa Indonesia: debu | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

maiha  ‘ruins’ | Bahasa Indonesia: runtuhan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

maisa  ‘chili pepper’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cabai | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: single consultant | 2015 | note: Mangon dialect as reported by Ulfoa speaker.

mak  ‘tongue’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lidah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mak bobai  ‘dating (courtship)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berpacaran | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: literally ‘meet’ + ‘romantic partner’.

mak dahi  ‘to meet up’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bertemu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mak han  ‘nearby, nearest’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berdakatan, terdekat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mak nau  ‘to introduce’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kenalkan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mak sud  ‘destination’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tujuan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mak-  causative prefix | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

mak-bobai  ‘to date’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

mak-dahi  ‘to meet’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

mak-nau  ‘to introduce’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: literally ‘make known’.

maka aya  ‘light (weight)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ringan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

maka aya para  ‘easy’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gampang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

maka boa  ‘tired’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: see also maroya, makaba, makabo.

maka didi  ‘fever’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also dagis, degis.

maka’ita  ‘to be wrecked’ | e.g. shipwreck | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

makaba  ‘tired’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: see also maroya, makabo, maka boa.

makabo  ‘tired’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: see also maroya, makaba, maka boa.

makadidi  ‘cold (illness)’ | collected on: Mangon | Collins | 1981.

makahor  ‘earthworm’/’intestinal worms’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cacing | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

makan  ‘wound’/’injury’/’cut’/’infection’/’pain’ | Bahasa Indonesia: infeksi, berluka, luka | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

makaor  ‘worm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: earthworm | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

makariu  ‘to split’ | Bahasa Indonesia: membelah | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

makata  ‘medicine’/’herbs’/’magic’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jamu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

makata geka dahi bakatai  ‘menstrual pain medicine’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

maki  ‘tongue’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lidah | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also mak.

maki dahi  ‘to meet’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also mak dahi.

maki-  CAUSATIVE MORPHEME | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

makjad bakai  ‘betrothal’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

makodi  ‘earthworm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cacing | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

makodn  ‘worm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: earthworm | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014 | note: final n seems to be non-phonemic.

makoha  ‘cool (temp)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sejuk | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

makosa  ‘big’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

maku  ‘wave’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014 | note: see also mok.

maku lawa  ‘enemy’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

malawan  ‘defeat’ | e.g. Jerman malawan Spanyol ‘Germany beat Spain’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kekalahan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

male  ‘small’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kecil | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

maleb  ‘flat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: datar | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

malee  ‘small’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kecil | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

malel  ’empty’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kosong | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

malel pel (less common)  ‘after’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sesudah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

malil  ’empty’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

mama (1)  ‘mother’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ibu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mama (2)  ‘to chew’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mengunyah | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U, Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

mama kaka  ‘uncle’/’mother’s older brother’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

mama tiba  ‘MBo’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

mamanto  ‘cramp’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

mamei  ‘shy’/’ashamed’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ‘malu’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also mahal.

mamfai  ‘to swell’ | Bahasa Indonesia: membengkak | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

mamfuwa  ‘young’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

mamihi  ‘shy’/’ashamed’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ‘malu’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan. See also mahal.

mampai  ‘bitter’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also mpai.

mamu  ‘iron’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

mamui  ‘laugh’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

man  ‘bird’/’chicken’ | Bahasa Indonesia: burung, ayam | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010-2019 | note: Sanana form. See also manu for Mangon form.

man camo  ‘heron’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: see also tayoya.

man fina  ‘hen’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: literally ‘female chicken’.

man foa  ‘feathers’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bulu | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

man in yai koku  ‘bird’s foot’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kaki burung | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: single consultant | 2014.

man kau (goga)  ‘bird’ (other than chicken) | Bahasa Indonesia: burung | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

man kau (goga) in foa  ‘feather’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bulu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: literally ‘bird tree on POSS feather’.

man ma’ana  ‘rooster’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: this isn’t so much a word for rooster as an explanation ‘male chicken’. The consultant likely translated the interviewer’s description directly.

man nana tahai  ‘chicken’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

man pani  ‘wing’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sayap | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

man sumbulia  ‘to swallow’ | collected on: Mangon | source: single consultant | 2014 | note: see also ma lia.

man’ei  ‘ray’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

man(u)fo  ‘feather’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bulu | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

man(u)telu  ‘egg’ | Bahasa Indonesia: telur | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

mana (1)  ‘allergic’ | Bahasa Indonesia: alergi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mana (2)  ‘sharp’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tajam | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

mana (3)  ‘toward’ | e.g. laka mana ‘walk toward’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menuju | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mana (4)  ‘that’ | Bahasa Indonesia: itu | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

mana (5)  ‘man’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

mana afoya  ‘centipede’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

mana dok  ‘trade’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: due to Sula’s bizarre intervocalic fortition process, the d in dok sounds like t.

mana fau / mana pau  ‘assault’/’fight’/’war’/’beat with a stick’/’hit a drum with a stick’ | Bahasa Indonesia: serangan, perang, memukul | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mana pau  ‘to pound’ | Bahasa Indonesia: | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

mana uka  ‘bite (dog/insect)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gigitan, menggigit [gigit] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mana yop  ‘kiss’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ciuman | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mana-  verbal prefix | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

mana-pan  ‘intercourse’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

mana-tota  ‘fight’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

mana-yop  ‘kiss’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

mana, pia mana  ‘man/male’ | Bahasa Indonesia: laki-laki | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

manabaja  ‘hit on’/’chat up’ | Bahasa Indonesia: merayu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

manakem (1)  ‘to hold’/’to grasp’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggenggam | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also gem.

manakem (2)  ‘to grab’ (in the manner of firmly grasping another’s arm) | (e.g. grasping one’s arm with your hand) | Bahasa Indonesia: menggenggam | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa, Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

manam  ‘to kiss’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mencium | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

manamumi  ‘to sniff’/’to smell’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mencium | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: two to three consultants | 2014.

manan  ‘old (for things)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lama | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

manapan  ‘sex’ | Bahasa Indonesia: seks | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

manapareha  ‘separate’ | Bahasa Indonesia: terpisah | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010–2019 | note: manapareha is mana + bareha. The b becomes p due to Sula’s intervocalic fortition process described in chapter two.

manara  ‘job’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pekerjaan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

manasak  ‘to stab, pierce’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menikam | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

manat (1)  ‘prostitute’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this Holle list form might be correct as a euphemism, or it might simply be a near-miss concept explanation, as the basic meaning of manat is ‘sensual’.

manat (2)  ‘sensual’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berhawa-nafsu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

manatol  ‘relationship’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hubungan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

manatota  ‘fight’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pertengkaran | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

manau (1)  ‘occasionally’/’sometimes’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010 | note: see also paka hia hia.

manau (2)  ‘old (for things)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lama | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

mandi  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the spotted puffer (guentheridia formosa) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

mandia doki  ‘hiccups’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: manga is ‘sharp’. Mangon form. For Sanana form see also mari’a doki.

mandokahu  ‘predawn morning’/’when the rooster crows’ | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2010–2019 | note: lit. chicken + and + onomatopoeia.

maneha  ‘ready’ | e.g. maneha pel ‘already ready’ | Bahasa Indonesia: siap | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

maneha neha (1)  ‘straight (line)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lurus | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

maneha neha, manehaneha (2)  ‘together’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bersama | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

manen (1)  ‘long (temporal), old (object)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lama | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

manen (2)  ‘old (for things)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lama | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

manen manen  ‘seldom’/’rare’/’uncommon’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jarang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010-2019.

maneu  ‘old (for things)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lama | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

manfoa  ‘feather’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bulu | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also man kau (goga) in foa.

manga  ‘sharp’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also mana, monga, wa, waha.

manga fau  ‘to hit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

mangafau  ‘fight’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

mangapadila  ‘to divorce’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: manga is ‘sharp’. Mangon form. For Sanana form see also mapareha (regular correspondences).

mangati  ‘prostitute’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also mahat.

mangilu  ‘sour’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: archaic. See also manil.

mangis  ‘mangostene’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mongustan | collected on: Sanana, Pastina village | source: Falahu tribe farmers | 2014.

mangkayo  ‘light’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

mangkuni  ‘yellow’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia. See also kakon, and kokon.

manil  ‘sour’ | Bahasa Indonesia: asam | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

manin (1)  ‘occasionally’/’sometimes’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this Holle list entry is unverified, and seems dubious.

manin (2)  ‘long time’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

manin moya  ‘short time’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

manip  ‘thin’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tipis | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

manip / manipi  ‘thin’ | (e.g. a thin book) | Bahasa Indonesia: tipis | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: not synonymous with dagati ‘narrow’.

manipi  ‘thin’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tipis | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

manjanga ihi  ‘venison’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

mankau  ‘bird’ | (term for all birds) | Bahasa Indonesia: burung | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mankawai  ‘worm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: earthworm | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

mankina  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the achilles tang (acanthurus achilles) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

manparika  ‘to divorce’ | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2014 | note: see also mapareha.

manta manu  ‘to have forgotten (something)’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

mantel  ‘egg’ | Bahasa Indonesia: telur | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

mantel ngan  ‘boiled egg’ | Bahasa Indonesia: telur direbus | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mantelu  ‘egg’ | Bahasa Indonesia: telur | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

mantelu / mantel  ‘egg’ | Bahasa Indonesia: telur | collected on: Mangon, Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mantimu  ‘cucumber’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ketimun | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

mantina  ‘male (n&a) (person)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: laki-laki | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mantua  ‘male (n&a) (animal)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jantan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

manu  ‘fighting cock’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ayam | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this Holle entry is an error. manu is a general Mangon term for ‘chicken’ and ‘bird’. See also man.

manu kaupetu  ‘bird’ | Bahasa Indonesia: burung | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

manu kaupetuw  ‘bird’ | Bahasa Indonesia: burung | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

manu panda  ‘chicken’ | Bahasa Indonesia: burung | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

manutelu  ‘egg’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

manyanyi  ‘sing’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

maoma  ‘charming’ | Bahasa Indonesia: luwes | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

maota  ‘old’ | Bahasa Indonesia: object | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

map(a)reha  ‘divorce’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cerai | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mapa  ‘sweat’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

mapai  ‘bitter’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pahit | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mapana  ‘warm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hangat | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: numerous | 2015.

mapo  ‘sweat’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

mara  ‘stairs’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tangga | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2014.

mara / mara-mara  ‘awake’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also mada. Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

Maret  ‘March’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

mari’a  ‘belch’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

mari’a doki  ‘hiccups’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also mandia doki.

mariu  ‘aid’/’assistance’/’assist’/’to help’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bantuan, membantu [bantu] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mariu matapia  ‘care for, look after’ | e.g. mariu matapia ‘care for someone’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memelihara | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mariyu  ‘ally’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

marofa  ‘straight’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

maroya (1)  ‘paralysed’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I am skeptical of this Holle list form. maroya means ‘tired’, and so it is easy to imagine a miscommunication when acting out paralysis.

maroya (2)  ‘tired’ | Bahasa Indonesia: capek | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010–2019 | note: see also makaba, makabo, maka boa.

martel  ‘hammer’ | Bahasa Indonesia: palu | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2010–2019 | note: I hope this is not a Dutch loan from ‘torture’. See also martil.

martil  ‘hammer’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I hope this is not a Dutch loan from ‘torture’. See also martel.

marui  ‘live’/’to be alive’/’on’ (as with a lightbulb) | Bahasa Indonesia: hidup (give example) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mas  ‘gold’ | Bahasa Indonesia: emas | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

masa duk  ‘future’ | Bahasa Indonesia: masa depan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

masusa  ‘unfortunate’/’poor’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

mat  possible active sentence AUX/contraction of matua ‘old’ as in matnana ‘elder’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

mat nana fina  ‘older woman’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

mata (1)  ‘death’/’dead’/’to die’/’to be dead’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kematian | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mata (2)  ‘off’ | (as with a lightbulb) | Bahasa Indonesia: mati | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina, (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon, Fagudu, Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

mata feu  ‘single man’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mata lin  ‘to forget’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

mata pia / matapia  ‘human being’/’mankind’/’society’ | Bahasa Indonesia: orang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

mata pia basa  ‘guest’/’stranger’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

mata pia bau awa  ‘farmer’ | Bahasa Indonesia: petani | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: literally ‘person who does farm field’.

mata pia buwa mata pia  ‘kidnapper’ | Bahasa Indonesia: penculik | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

mata pia duduku  ‘midwife’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bidan | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this literally means ‘person who comes’.

mata pia duki, mata pia hai bosa  ‘guest’/’stranger’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

mata pia fa pasia  ‘sorcerer’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tukang sihir | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

mata pia fina  ‘woman’ | Bahasa Indonesia: wanita | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

mata pia matua nkol  ‘dwarf’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kerdil | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

mata pia nau makata  ‘traditional medicine practitioner’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dukun | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: this entry from Holle is not in fact a lexical item. It is no doubt a phrasal translation of the elicitor’s description. This phrase simply states ‘person who knows medicine’.

mata pia perumpa  ‘pirate’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bajak laut | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

mata pia sosa  ‘criminal’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pidana | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

matalin  ‘to forget’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lupa | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

matapia  ‘human’/’person’/’society’ | Bahasa Indonesia: masyarakat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also pia.

matapia awa  ‘farmer’ | Bahasa Indonesia: petani | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

matapia babota  ‘butcher’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tukang daging | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

matapia bamaha  ‘merchant’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

matapia basa  ‘stranger’ | Bahasa Indonesia: orang tidak dikenal | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

matapia bau-awa  ‘farmer’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

matapia baumaneha hal  ‘problem solver’ | (person of conflict resolution, counselor) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

matapia binaka  ‘corrupt’ | Bahasa Indonesia: korup | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

matapia bumeha  ‘lost (person)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tersisat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

matapia bumohi  ‘lost (person)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tersisat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

matapia duki  ‘guest’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tamu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

matapia hia  ‘someone’ | Bahasa Indonesia: seseorang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

matapia makata  ‘doctor’ | (traditional medicine) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘person medicine’.

matapia mana / matapia ma’ana  ‘man’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

matapia mua-mua  ‘everybody’ | Bahasa Indonesia: semua orang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

matapia tukang bahasa  ‘interpreter’ | Bahasa Indonesia: juru bahasa | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

matiad  ‘exchange’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menukarkan [tukar] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

matilali  ‘confusing’ | Bahasa Indonesia: membingungkan | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: single consultant | 2014.

matnana (1)  ‘elder’/’spouse’ | source: Ida collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: through metonymy, this word can mean many things. In this way, it also can function as a formal third person pronoun.

matnana (2)  ‘my old man’/’my old lady’ | (informal ‘spouse’) | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: literally ‘elder’.

matnana (3)  parent | (honorific) | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: literally ‘elder’.

mato  ‘crash’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tabrakan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

matopa  ‘circle’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also matupa (Mangon).

matpebi  ‘tail’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

matua  ‘leader’/’elder’/’old’/’ripe’ | (‘old’ people and objects) | Bahasa Indonesia: pemimpin | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: matua kampung (village elders).

matupa  ‘circle’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: see also matuopa collected on: Sanana.

mau (1)  FUTURE AUXILIARY | Bahasa Indonesia: mau | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mau (2)  ‘useful’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berguna | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mau (3)  to wish’/’to want’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ingin | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

maufai  ‘to swell’ | Bahasa Indonesia: membengkak | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also mafai.

mawita  ‘bright (color)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: terang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mbaso  ‘heart’ | collected on: Mangon | source: single consultant | 2014 | note: see also lal, tuka.

mboli  ‘to roll’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menggulung | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: possible loan Dutch, bal, probably by way of Indonesian bola. The prenasal is likely an explicative prefix.

mboni  ‘mouth’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

mboni foro  ‘moustache’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

mboni koli  ‘lips’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also nbayon kol.

mboya  ‘tail’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: compare (Mangon) mboyu, nboyu, boyu, collected on: Sanana nboya, boya.

mboyu  ‘tail’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ékor | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

me’u  ‘rope’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tali | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

me’u / meu  ‘rope’/’string’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tali | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mehi (1)  ‘small’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kecil | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also mehi.

mehi (2)  ‘again’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lagi | location: unknown | source: Umaternate | 2013.

mehi nana  ‘child’ | Bahasa Indonesia: anak | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

Mei  ‘May’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

meihi  ‘small’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kecil | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also mehi.

meikap  ‘cosmetics’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bahan kecantikan | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2010–2019 | note: loan from ‘make up’.

meja  ‘table’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

memaha  ‘to sell’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menjual [jual] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

memang  ‘still’/’yet’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

memanta  ‘unripe’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: likely loan from Bahasa Indonesia ‘matang’.

mena (1)  ‘sad’/’to cry’/’to weep’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menangis, sedih | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also minga, mina.

mena (2)  ‘front’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

menga  ‘to cry’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menangis | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

mengaku moya  ‘to deny’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

menit  ‘minute’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

menjanga  ‘deer’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rusa | collected on: Sanana, Mangon, Capuli village | source: numerous | 2014, 2015.

menyani  ‘to sing’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menyanyi [nyanyi] (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

menyanyi  ‘to sing’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

meta  ‘wet’ | Bahasa Indonesia: basa | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

meu  ‘rope’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tali | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina, (Sanana) Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon, Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

meu bolila  ‘from above’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

meu kapayapa  ‘clothesline’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tali jemuran | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

meu sepatu  ‘shoelace’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tali sepatu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mewa  ‘bamboo basket’ | (for catching crabs) | collected on: Sanana, Wai Ipa beach | source: numerous | 2014.

mi’a  ‘red’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mérah | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

mi’u  ‘rope’ | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2010 | note: see also meu.

mia (1)  ‘monkey’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

mia (2)  ‘red’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mérah | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina, (Sanana) Kampung Wailau, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon, Falahu, Facei tribes | 2014.

mia / mi’a  ‘red’ | Bahasa Indonesia: merah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: mi’a is CMD from Wai U village.

mia tahai  ‘pink’ | Bahasa Indonesia: merah jambu | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: single consultant | 2015.

miha  ‘sister-in-law WBW’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

miki  ‘evil spirit’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

min (1)  ‘nose’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hidung | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

min (2)  ‘mucus’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this Holle list entry is plausible, but it was not verified. the informant likely misunderstood when pointing toward the nose, as the basic meaning of min is ‘nose’. This could be a case of metonymy.

min ewa  ‘runny nose’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hidung berair | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mina (1)  ‘to weep’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also mena, minga.

mina (2)  ‘before (temporal)’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

mina (3)  ‘sweet’/’delicious’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

mina moya  ‘uncomfortable’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tidak enak | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

minga  ‘to weep’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: see also mena, mina.

mingu  ‘mucus’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

misa  ‘chili pepper’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cabai | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: single consultant | 2015.

mit  ‘black’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hitam | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa, Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

mit / miti  ‘dark’/’black’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gelap, hitam | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mit gab  ‘fog’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kabut | collected on: Mangon, Wai U village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also fangara.

mita  ‘wet’ | Bahasa Indonesia: basa | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also meta.

miti  ‘black’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hitam | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

mo  COMMAND WORD | collected on: Mangon, Wai U village | source: single consultant | 2015 | note: in Wai U village (but apparently not universally), mo is a phrase-initial particle that signals a command. There is no English equivalent. mo laka bo uma ‘Go home!’.

moa  ‘sinkers, sink’ | Bahasa Indonesia: penenggelam | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mofakat  ‘to negotiate’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

moi  ‘not yet’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I am skeptical of this form. I suspect it is moya.

mok  ‘wave’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

mok mok  ‘surf’/’wave’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ombak | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mok pisa  ‘surf’/’waves’ | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2014 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan. I think it is native Sula.

moka  ‘dull’/’blunt’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tumpul | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2014.

mokawa’i  ‘earthworm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: cacing | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

mokayat  ‘evil spirit’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

molai  ‘main’ | Bahasa Indonesia: utama | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

moma  ‘to hit’/’to slap’/’hit with a stick’/’lash’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

momu  ‘to pound’/’beat’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

mon (1)  Second-person singular pronoun | (informal) | Bahasa Indonesia: anda | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: second-person singular pronoun. Preverbal agreement marker: gu-.

mon (2)  ‘thou’ | Bahasa Indonesia: engkau | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina, (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon, Fagudu, Facei tribes | 2014 | note: I am skeptical of this form. The formal second person is almost certainly kim in all villages, and the informal is almost certainly mon. This likely resulted from eliciting without the consultants considering a formality difference between kamu and anda.

monara  ‘sailor’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pelaut | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

monca (1)  ‘piper betel’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

monca (2)  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the green jobfish (aprion virescens) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

moncalefa  lizardfish (synodus) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

monga  ‘sharp’ | collected on: Mangon | source: single consultant | 2014 | note: see also mana, manga, wa, waha.

mora.

bufa  ‘blowing wind’ | Bahasa Indonesia: angin | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

mora  ‘air’/’wind’ | Bahasa Indonesia: udara, angin | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mora ‘ot  ‘tornado’ | Bahasa Indonesia: angin topan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

mora (bufa)  ‘wind’ | Bahasa Indonesia: angin | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

mora kadiga  ‘strong wind’ | Bahasa Indonesia: angin kencang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

mora laka  ‘to blow as the wind’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bertiup | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

moru  ‘wind’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

mot (1)  ‘follow’/’join’ | e.g. a-mot sekola feu, I joined the new school | Bahasa Indonesia: ikut | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mot (2)  AUXILIARY | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

mot mau  ‘want’, ‘shall’, ‘will’, ‘should’/AUX | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

mot mot faa pia  ‘vegetarian (person)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pengikut aliran vegitarian | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2010–2019 | note: I am skeptical of this entry.

mota  ‘warm’/’hot’/’burn’ | Bahasa Indonesia: panas | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

mota kadiga  ‘heat wave’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gelombang panas | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘heat strong’.

motu  ‘old fruit’/’mature fruit’ | e.g. nui motu ‘mature coconut’ (vs. young green coconut) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014.

moya  ‘not’/’no’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tidak | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also moyu for Mangon form.

moya da (1)  ‘last (previous)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sebelumnya | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

moya da (2)  ‘never’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

moya daa  ‘not yet’ | Bahasa Indonesia: belum | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

moya dai  ‘there isn’t/there aren’t’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tidak ada | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

moya ta  ‘never’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tidak pernah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

moyu  ‘not’/’no’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tidak | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Mangon form. See also moya for Sanana form.

mpan  ‘wing’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sayap | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

mpani  ‘wing’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sayap | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: prenasal is explicative. See also pani, npani.

mping  ‘ear of corn’/’tuft of rice’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

mua  ‘all’ | Bahasa Indonesia: semua | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

mua pel  ‘finish’/’after’/’last’/’final’ | Bahasa Indonesia: akhir, sesudah, terakhir | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mua-mua  ‘everyone’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

muamua  ‘all’/’everything’ | Bahasa Indonesia: semua | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mudi  ‘eugenia’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

muhi (1)  ‘to smell’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see also sumi.

muhi (2)  ‘to sniff’/’smell’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mencium | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

mui  ‘type of bug that eats wood’ | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: probably ‘termite’. Possibly ‘weevil’.

muka  ‘in front of’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

mulai  ‘start’ | Bahasa Indonesia: awal | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mulu bebe  ‘small banana cultivar’ | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: single consultant | 2015.

mum (1)  ‘midday’/’noon’ | Bahasa Indonesia: siang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also la eya.

mum (2)  ‘iron’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

mum (3)  ‘to sniff’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

mum, mana-mum  ‘to sniff’/’smell’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mencium | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

mumam  ‘small food’/’snack’/’cake’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

mumpon  ‘anvil’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

munara  ‘occupation’/’work’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pekerjaan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

mungkuriu  ‘to help’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menolong / bantu | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also baku bantu.

mura  ‘cheap’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

mus lea bana  ‘summer’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

musa  ‘navel’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

musawai  ‘umbilical cord’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tali pusar | collected on: Sanana, Malbufa village | source: two to three consultants | 2019.

musti  ‘must’/AUX | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

musu  ‘opposite’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lawan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

musun  ‘monsoon’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

na  ‘name’ | Bahasa Indonesia: nama | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

na pertama  ‘first name’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pranama (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010–2019 | note: pertama is a loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

na’u  ‘long (temporal)’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also nau, nahu.

nafa iya  ‘tomorrow’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I do not know how to understand this Holle entry other than as ‘one road’. It could be something metaphorical like ‘one day on the road of life’, but that is a stretch.

nafakau  ‘way’/’road’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

nag  ‘type of edible fish’ | e.g. kena nag sinanga ‘fried nag fish’ | collected on: Sanana, Malbufa village | source: single consultant | 2015.

naha (1)  ‘to scream’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

naha (2)  ‘angry’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

naha (3)  ‘punish’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

naha tina  ‘palate’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

nahi era  ‘twins’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kembar | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nahu  ‘long’/’length’ | Bahasa Indonesia: panjang, panjangnya | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nai  ‘brother’ | collected on: Mangon | Collins | 1981.

nak  ‘to know someone’ | a-nak mon ‘I know you’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kenal | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

naka  ‘jack fuirt’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

nale’i, mana’u  ‘small’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kecil | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

nan (1)  ‘bath’/’wash (oneself)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mandi, dus | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: Sanana form. See also nangu for Mangon form.

nan (2)  ‘swim’ | (action of swimming) | Bahasa Indonesia: berenang [renang] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: Sanana form. See also nangu for Mangon form.

nan hawa  ‘swim’ | (swimming as locomotion toward a destination) | Bahasa Indonesia: berenang [renang] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nan limayai  ‘to swim’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berenang | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

nana (1)  ‘child’ | Bahasa Indonesia: anak | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

nana (2)  ‘narrow’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sempit | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

nana (3)  ‘small’/’little’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kecil | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

nana fina  ‘daughter’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

nana nana (para)  ‘few’/’little’ | (quantity, amount) | Bahasa Indonesia: sedikit | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nana pahaka  ‘nephew’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

nanas  ‘pineapple’ | Bahasa Indonesia: nanas | collected on: Sanana, Waibau village | source: numerous | 2015 | note: loan. See also danas.

nangu  ‘to swim’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berenang | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

nanu  ‘swim’ | (action of swimming) | Bahasa Indonesia: berenang [renang] | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: CMD dialect | 2010–2019 | note: Sanana form. See also nangu for Mangon form.

nap (1)  ‘head’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: metonymy. See also foa ‘hair’.

nap (2)  ‘hair’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rambut | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa, Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015 | note: commonly meaning ‘hair’ through metonymy.

nap (f)oka  ‘head’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kepala | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

nap buhu  ‘brain’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

nap fat (1)  ‘brain’ | Bahasa Indonesia: otak | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nap fat (2)  ‘skull’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tengkorak | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

nap fat hai  ‘skull’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

nap foa  ‘hair’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

nap foka (1)  ‘skull’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tengkorak | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nap foka (2)  ‘head’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kapala | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

nap geka  ‘dizzy, headache’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pusing, sakit kepala | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nap gika  ‘headache’ | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2014 | note: see also ngapu gika, nap geka, ngapu geka.

nap kol  ‘scalp’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kulit kepala | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nap-geka  ‘headache’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

napa fini  ‘grandmother’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

napa nana  ‘grandfather’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

napa nohi  ‘ancestors’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

napfatgeka  ‘smart’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

napu (1)  ‘hair’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rambut | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

napu (2)  ‘head’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kapala | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U, Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

napufoa  ‘hair’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rambut | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: numerous | 2015 | note: see also nap foa / ngapu foa.

napwaka  ‘hair’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rambut | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

naraka  ‘underworld’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | 2014 | note: loan neraka.

nas  ‘bite’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gigitan | collected on: Sanana, Umahoya village | Source: Fagudu tribe | 2014 | note: see also ngasi, uka.

nasehat  ‘advice’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010 | note: loan.

nau (1)  ‘to understand’/’to know’/’to be knowledgeable’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mengerti, tahu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: minimal pair with dau.

nau (2)  ‘long’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Minimal pair with dau. See also nahu.

nau (3)  ‘cat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kucing | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: Sanana form. Minimal pair with dau. See also ngau for Mangon form.

nau fa  ‘smart’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pintar | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: two to three consultants | 2015 | note: literally ‘know’ + ‘things’.

nau li  ‘a meow’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010-2019 | note: lit. ‘cat’ + ‘speech’.

nawa nui  ‘sugar palm’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: This Holle list item is likely the result of a miscommunication. The morphemes present are n- which is an explicative discussed in the grammar chapter of this volume followed by awa ‘farm field’ and nui ‘coconut’. I suspect the interviewer attempted to describe a sugar palm by pointing out a coconut palm and comparing what he meant to that and then indicated they are farmed in orchards, and the informant misunderstood him to be asking the term for a coconut orchard, which is extremely common in Sula. See also pe’i ‘sugar palm’ and kanou, also from Holle.

nayo hiha  ‘chin’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

nbayon kol  ‘lips’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also mboni koli.

nboyu  ‘tail’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: compare (Mangon) mboyu, boyu, collected on: Sanana mboya, nboya, boya.

nbungi foro  ‘eyebrow’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

nceli  ‘fruit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: buah | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

nceli fatu gia  ‘a piece of fruit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sebiji buah | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

nceli ngkoli  ‘rind’/’peel’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also fua kol.

nceli, kau nceli  ‘fruit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: buah-buahan | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

nchanga  ‘branch’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dahan | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

ncili  ‘fruit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: buah | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: see also nceli.

ncumi  ‘nose’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hidung | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also ne.

ndalia  ‘durian’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: see also dahia.

ndani  ‘to plant’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

ndasa wonga  ‘rib’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

ndili  ‘jack fuirt’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

ndong dui  ’embers’/’coals’/’glowing’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

ne (1)  ‘that’ | Bahasa Indonesia: itu | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: abbreviation of neka.

ne (2)  ‘nose’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hidung | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also ncumi.

ne’e  ‘nose’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hidung | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

ne’i  ‘nose’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hidung | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya, Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu, Facei tribes | 2014.

ne’u  ‘below’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di bawah | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

ne’u heha  ‘below’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di bawah | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa, Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

nee (1)  ‘to point’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menunjuk | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2015.

nee (2)  ‘nose’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hidung | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa, Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

nee / ne’e  ‘nose’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hidung | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also ne.

neka  ‘that’ | Bahasa Indonesia: itu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nen  ‘earthquake’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gempa bumi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nepu  a fish that is either the same as or similar to the redbarred hawkfish (cirrhitops fasciatus) | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: Waitulia fishermen | 2014.

neu  ‘below’/’down’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di bawah | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

neu / ne’u (1)  DIRECTION either clockwise or counterclockwise around island depending on village | Bahasa Indonesia: di bawa | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: directions: lepa ‘up’ and neu ‘down’ correspond to clockwise and counterclockwise depending on the village. Directions: tema ‘inland’ and fai ‘seaward’ are universal in Sula.

neu / ne’u (2)  ‘below’/’bottom (position)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di bawa | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

neu bia foku  ‘to descend’ | e.g. from a ladder | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I suspect this means ‘come down from a mountain pass’ (foku ‘joint’).

neu heha  ‘below’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di bawah | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

neu, lal neu  ‘below’ | Bahasa Indonesia: di bawah | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

nfo  ‘feather’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bulu | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: if parsed as an explicative prenasal, this is an abbreviated form of the general word for ‘hair’/’feather’ (see also fo, foa). Otherwise, the initial n is part of the contracted compound man + foa.

nforo  ‘body hair (animal)’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: archaic. several Mangon forms on the Holle list suggest possible loss of intervocalic r. See also foa.

nga  ‘name’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see also na.

ngan  ‘boil’/’boiled’ | Bahasa Indonesia: merebus, rebus | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

ngan mantel  ‘boiled egg’ | Bahasa Indonesia: telur rebus | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

ngan wai  ‘boiled water’ | Bahasa Indonesia: air matang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nganti nganti  ‘earrings’ | Bahasa Indonesia: anting-anting | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nganting  ‘earring’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

ngapu  ‘head’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also nap.

ngapu fatu loi  ‘skull’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

ngapu fo  ‘hair’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rambut | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

ngapu gika  ‘headache’ | collected on: Mangon | source: single consultant | 2014 | note: see also nap gika, nap geka, ngapu geka.

ngapu tuka gika  ‘cold, a’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this probably means ‘headache’ rather than ‘a cold’. Literally it is ‘sick inside head’. Usually bakef ‘cough’ is doubles as ‘a cold’.

ngapufo  ‘hair’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

ngapuforo  ‘hair’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: if correct, this Holle form implies intervocalic r deletion within the past century. See also ngapufo.

ngasi  ‘to bite’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gigitan | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see also nas, uka.

ngatina  ‘palate’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

ngau  ‘cat’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

nge  ‘nose’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

ngi  ‘tooth’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gigi | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

ngiː

  ‘tooth’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ngkoli  ‘skin’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kulit | collected on: Mangon | source: single consultant | 2010-2019.

ngoi foku  ‘posterior’/’buttock’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also goi foka.

ngyaya  ‘mother’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ibu | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2014.

ni’i fafi  ‘molar’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: lit. tooth’ + ‘pig’.

ni’i mata  ‘gums’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

nib (1)  ‘to sit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: duduk | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nib (2)  ‘to reside’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tinggal | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nib baka kihi yai  ‘sit (with the knees bent to one side)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

nib paha tiga  ‘to squat’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

nib puku tiga  ‘to squat’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

nib-nib  ‘relax, rest’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bersantai [santai] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nibu  ‘sit’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

nibu (1)  ‘to sit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: duduk | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

nibu (2)  ‘to reside’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tinggal | collected on: Mangon, CMD villages | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

nihi (1)  ‘flesh’ | Bahasa Indonesia: daging | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: n is an explicative prefix.

nihi (2)  ‘teeth’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gigi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nihi (3)  ‘to bite’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gigit | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

nihi faf  ‘molar’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

nihi mata  ‘gums’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

nika (1)  ‘that (far-away)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2014 | note: see also neka.

nika (2)  ‘to ask’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

nika (3)  ‘yonder’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

niki  ‘to confess’ | collected on: Mangon | source: single consultant | 2014 | note: see also hika.

nin  ‘earthquake’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

nini  ‘great’/’large’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also fanini.

nipa  ‘nipa palm’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

nis  ‘half’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

nisi  ‘meat/flesh’ | Bahasa Indonesia: daging | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014 | note: see also ihi.

nisi fata  ‘body’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

nkol matabol nahu  ‘slim’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: literally ‘narrow skin’.

nli  ‘to say’/’to answer’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: explicative n-. See also li.

nlosa  ‘leaf’ | Bahasa Indonesia: daun | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

noi (1)  ‘lend to’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

noi (2)  ‘to request’/’to ask’ | e.g. noi tabak ‘ask for a cigarette’ | Bahasa Indonesia: minta | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

noi limpa  ‘to beg’/’to pester with requests’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also noi lipa.

noi lipa  ‘to beg’/’to pester with requests’ | collected on: Sanana | source: three to five consultants | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also noi limpa.

noi ma’af / noi maaf  ‘apologize’ (formal) | e.g. ak a-noi ma’af ‘please forgive me’ | Bahasa Indonesia: permintaan maaf | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015 | note: literally ‘beg’ + ‘apology’.

noi nika  ‘to ask for’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

noinoi  ‘beggar’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pengemis | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

=

non  POSSESSIVE CLITIC ‘belongs to’ (non-first-person possessors) | e.g. ik bob ak=non ‘this is my spoon’ | Bahasa Indonesia: milik | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: numerous | 2015 | note: Possessive morpheme. See also gon.

nona  ‘sleep’/’to lie down’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tidur | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nona (bol bol)  ‘lie down’ | Bahasa Indonesia: baring | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nona bal naha  ‘to lie on back’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also nonu palinga.

nona bal pif  ‘to lie on belly’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also nonu pal tutu.

nona bol  ‘to lie down’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berbaring | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa, Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

nona bol (bol)  ‘to lie down’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berbaring | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

nona boli  ‘to lie down’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berbaring | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Capuli | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

nona-kega  ‘the routine of going to bed and getting up’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

nonako  ‘omen’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

nong  ‘charcoal’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

nongmarur  ’embers’/’coals’/’glowing’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

nonu  ‘to sleep’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010. | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also nona.

nonu boli  ‘to lie down’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berbaring | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

nonu pal tutu  ‘to lie on belly’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also nona bal pif.

nonu palinga  ‘to lie on back’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also nona bal naha.

nopa fina  ‘grandmother’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

nopa nahi  ‘ancestors’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

nora  ‘pillow’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

November  ‘November’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

npani  ‘wing’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sayap | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: explicative n-. See also pani, mpani.

npeu  ‘bile’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also peu.

nsoba  ‘wing’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: explicative n-. See also soba.

ntakali so’ofu  ‘thirsty’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also saota, lawai saota.

ntuka giki  ‘jealous’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

nuba  ‘mouth’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mulut | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010–2019.

nui  ‘coconut’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

nui kau  ‘coconut tree’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pohon kelapa | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015.

nui wai  ‘coconut water’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

nui wai ihi  ‘coconut meat’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘coconut water meat’.

nuki  ‘coral reef’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

nya  ‘mother’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

nyai (1)  ‘leg/foot’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kaki | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

nyai (2)  ‘leg’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

nyaieya  ‘road’/’path’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jalan | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

nyanyi  ‘poem’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

nyawa  ‘soul’/’spirit’/’ghost’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

nyaya  ‘mother’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ibu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

nyaya mahua  ‘stepmother’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

o  ‘The God (specific)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

oba  ‘to shut’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tutup | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

obat  ‘gun powder’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

obor  ‘torch’ | Bahasa Indonesia: obor | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: likely loan from Bahasa Indonesia. see also pancona, padamara.

ofa  ‘pour’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

ofi  ‘species of tuber’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

og  ‘to be silent’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also ogu. Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

og og  ‘calm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tenang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

og og para  ’emergency’ | Bahasa Indonesia: darurat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

ogu  ‘to be silent’ | collected on: Mangon | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: Mangon form. For Sanana form, see also og. Holle postulates this as a Ternate loan.

ojo  ‘scramble’/’shuffle’/’mix’ | (e.g. beat an egg, shuffle dominos) | Bahasa Indonesia: aduk, campur | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

ok  ‘in’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dalam | location: unknown | source: Umaternate | 2013.

ok ok  ‘quiet, whisper’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sepsi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

Oktober  ‘October’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ol  INCEPTIVE ASPECT MARKER (‘from now’) | (said referring to others) | Bahasa Indonesia: ~sudah | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: commonly directed toward others.

ong ko foi  ‘drinking bowl’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this Holle term has likely dropped out of the language. People use cups and glasses now.

onkos  ‘price (service)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ongkos (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

opa  ‘what’ | Bahasa Indonesia: apa | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I suspect this is a Holle List error. The consultant likely repeated the Indonesian prompt, apa, with a Sula accent. The o and a vowel spaces frequently overlap, and this can make transcription difficult even after years of experience. See also hapa, ganao.

oras goa para  ‘anytime’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kapan saja | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

oras lea  ‘dry season’ | Bahasa Indonesia: musim kemarau | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

oros moya  ‘dust cloud’/’plume’ | (e.g. drop something onto dusty soil) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

ot  ‘penis’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ot / oti  ‘penis’ | Bahasa Indonesia: zakar | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

ota  ‘one hundred’ | Bahasa Indonesia: seratus | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

oti  ‘penis’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

oya (1)  ‘made of’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dibuat (dari) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

oya (2)  ‘to throw’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

oya keu  ‘to spit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: meludah | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

oyu  ‘crab’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: see also yoya, uha.

pa  ‘only’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: abbreviated form of para.

pa cagi geriha  ‘square’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

pa-  ‘verbal prefix’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-  ‘multiplicative prefix’/’ordinal prefix’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-caga’u  two thousandth’/’two thousand times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-cahia  one thousandth’/’one thousand times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-hia  first’/’once’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-hu (1)  second’/’twice’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-lima (2)  fifth’/’five times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-ne  sixth’/’six times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-ota  hundredth’/’hundred times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-pit  seventh’/’seven times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-poa  tenth’/’ten times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-poadoga’u  twelfth’/’twelve times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-poadogatel  thirteenth’/’thirteen times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-poadohia  eleventh’/’eleven times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-poga’u  twentieth’/’twenty times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-pogalima  fiftieth’/’fifty times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-pogatel  thirtieth’/’thirty times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-pogatel do gahu  thirty-second’/’thirty-two times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-pogatel do gatel  thirty-third’/’thirty-three times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-pogatel do hia  thirty-first’/’thirty-one times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-reha  fourth’/’four times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-tahua  eighth’/’eight times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-tel  third’/’thrice’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-ka-tsia  ninth’/’nine times’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-laka  ‘journey’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-masi  ‘rice’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pa-nau  ‘funeral’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

paa fat  ‘whole nutmeg’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pala | collected on: Sanana, Malbufa village | source: numerous | 2015 | note: possible loan from Bahasa Indonesia pala. Also possible that pala is a loan from Sula or another local language, as nutmeg is native to Maluku.

paa fua  ‘nutmeg fruit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: buah pala | collected on: Sanana, Malbufa village | source: numerous | 2015.

paa ful  ‘mace spice’ | collected on: Sanana, Malbufa village | source: numerous | 2015 | note: the red flesh surrounding whole nutmeg. dried and used in cooking and traditional medicine.

paa kol  ‘nutmeg shell’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kulit pala | collected on: Sanana, Malbufa village | source: numerous | 2015.

pabamap  ‘cook’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tukang masak | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

paca  ‘wipe’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

pacar  ‘darling (my dear)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pacar (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pacul  ‘hoe’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pacul (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pada  ‘imperata cylindria’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

padad  ‘creation’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

padamara  ‘torch’ | Bahasa Indonesia: obor | collected on: Sanana, Malbufa village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also pancona, obor.

padomu  ‘knee’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see also paroma collected on: Sanana.

padyanga  ‘attic (under the roof)’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

pahu  ‘to appear’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pahu baka han-han  ‘similar’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mirip | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pahu gan (1)  ‘shape’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bentuk | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pahu gan (2)  ‘seems to be’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pahugan  ‘exactly’ | Bahasa Indonesia: persis | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pai (1)  INCEPTIVE ASPECT MARKER (‘from now’) | (said referring to oneself) | Bahasa Indonesia: dulu | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: usually used when referring to oneself.

pai (2)  ‘ray’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

pai tina  ‘temple (body) (my addition: on head)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pelipis | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

paia  ‘papaya’ | e.g. (1) paia kau ‘papaya tree’ (2) paia fua ‘papaya fruit’ (3) paia hal ‘papaya blossom’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pepaya | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015 | note: loan from Carib via Spanish, Portugese, Malay.

paitina  ‘forehead’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

pak (1)  ‘to use’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pak (2)  ‘wear’ | e.g. pak kemeja ‘wear a shirt’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memakai [pakai] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pak (3)  ‘to speak’ | (action of speaking a language) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

pak li Sua  ‘speak Sula’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

pak pai  ‘borrow’ | e.g. ta-pak pai ak lota ‘s/he borrows my boat’ | Bahasa Indonesia: meminjam [pinjam] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

paka hia-hia  ‘sometimes’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kedang-kedang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

paka-  MULTIPLICATIVE & ORDINAL PREFIX | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: in speakers’ minds this is likely analyzed as two affixes: ga-/ka- cardinal, and pa- multiplicative and ordinal. Historically, this appears to trace back to the AN multiplicative prefix, *paka-.

paka-hia  ‘once’/’first’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sekali | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

paka’aba  ‘wall (bamboo)’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

pakahia  ‘whole’ | Bahasa Indonesia: seluruh | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pakai  ‘wedding’ | Bahasa Indonesia: perkawinan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pakai, paka, pake  ‘to use’/AUX | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pakaiki  ‘all people’ | (people) e.g. kit pakaiki ‘all of us’ | Bahasa Indonesia: semua | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

pake  ‘use’/’wear’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

paked  ‘to hear’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mendengar | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

pakiaki  ‘all’ | Bahasa Indonesia: semua | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Facei tribe | 2014.

paktatoto  ‘pounder’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: onomatopoeia?.

pal sek  ‘to flip’ | e.g. (1) a boat (2) an egg | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: single consultant | 2015.

palaka  ‘ride a vehicle’/’ trek’/’take a trip’/’journey’ | Bahasa Indonesia: perjalanan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

palu  ‘to hit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memalu | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

pama (1)  ‘break, rupture’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pecah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pama (2)  ‘to split’ | Bahasa Indonesia: membelah | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

pamalas  ‘lazy’ | Bahasa Indonesia: malas | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

pamasi  ‘rice’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see also bira.

pamasi kakolbi  ‘harvested rice’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I believe this Holle form actually means ‘de-hulled rice’.

pampres  ‘diaper’/’nappy’ | Bahasa Indonesia: popok | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from brand name.

pan  ‘wing’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sayap | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), Kampung Ulfoa, Kampung Wai U | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

pana  ‘to shoot with bow’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memanah | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

pana (do jub)  ‘to stab, pierce’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menikam | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

pana nawur  ‘to twine a rope’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

panau  ‘funeral’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pemakaman | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pancona  ‘torch’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: this does not have the feel of a native Sula word. I suspect this is a loan, but the source is unclear, a possibility is penerang ‘torch’ from Indonesian.

pandei  ‘clever’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

pang  ‘pot’ | (cooking) | Bahasa Indonesia: panci | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pangara  ‘cloud’ | Bahasa Indonesia: awan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also fangara.

pange  ‘shield’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

panglu  ‘bullet’ | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant (also matches Holle List) | 2010 | note: possible loan from Bahasa Indonesia peluru.

pani  ‘wing’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sayap | collected on: Mangon, Ulfoa village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also mpani, npani.

panika  ‘question’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pertanyaan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

paniki  ‘bat’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

pantun  ‘poetry’ | Bahasa Indonesia: puisi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

panu  ‘wing’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

panyak  ‘disease’ | Bahasa Indonesia: penyakit | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

papa hoi  ‘cheek’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

papa’oi  ‘cheek’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

par hia  ‘pair’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sepasang | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

para (1)  ‘only’/’just’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hanya, saja | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

para (2)  ‘cogon grass’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: I’m very dubious of this Holle list translation. My consultant accepted it, but did not produce it.

parek  ‘size’ | Bahasa Indonesia: ukuran | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pari  ‘bitter mellon’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

paroma  ‘knee’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lutut | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

parut sa  ‘sago palm ground to sawdust powder’ | collected on: Mangon, Capuli village | source: two to three consultants | 2015.

pas (1)  ‘just right’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pas | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: likely loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

pas (2)  ‘island’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

pas waktu  ‘on time’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tepat waktu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pasa (1)  ‘market’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pasar | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

pasa (2)  ‘ago’/’before’/’past’ | e.g. (1) taun pasa ik ‘one year ago’ (2) tua fat tiga yang pasa ak lal senang kadiga ‘three husbands ago, I was very happy.’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lalu | collected on: Sanana, Waibau village | source: numerous | 2014.

pasar  ‘market’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pasar | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pastina  ‘coralreef’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

pat  ‘smell’ | e.g. (1) pat mon ‘good smell’ (2) pat suba ‘bad smell’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bau | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also suba, pati foro.

pata  ‘corpse’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

pata bit  ‘funeral ceremony’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

patana  to pay’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bayaran | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

patfo  ‘rotten’ | Bahasa Indonesia: busuk | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

pati foro  ‘to stink’/’smell’ | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also pat, suba.

patii  ‘owl’ | Bahasa Indonesia: burung hantu | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2015.

patok (1)  ‘help’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bantuan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

patok (2)  ‘present’ | (gift) | Bahasa Indonesia: hadiah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

patol suhu  ‘habit’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kebisaan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

patsuba  ‘rotten’/’decay’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: with emphasis on the smell of decay rather than sight or texture.

patu  ‘hoe’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

pau  ‘back’ | Bahasa Indonesia: punggung | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

pe  COMPLETIVE AND PERFECT ASPECT WORD | Bahasa Indonesia: sudah~ | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: abbreviated form of pel.

pe’i  ‘sugar palm’ | Bahasa Indonesia: aren | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015.

peda  ‘chopper’/’machete’ | Bahasa Indonesia: golok | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010-2019.

pedahi  ‘opinion’ | e.g. mon-pe’da.hi ‘your opinion’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pendapat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pedi  ‘machete’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

pefa  ‘explode’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

pei mapai / pe’i  ‘palm wine (fermented)’ | collected on: Sanana, Waibau village | source: numerous | 2015.

pei mina  ‘palm juice (unfermented)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

pel  COMPLETIVE ASPECT MARKER (‘already’) | Bahasa Indonesia: sudah~ | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pen  ‘points (in a game)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: poin | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pen / pin  ‘a bunch’ | e.g. (1) flower bunch (2) fia pen ‘cluster/ hand of bananas’ | collected on: Sanana | source: Duwila; Fagudu Tribe, Waibao village | 2015.

pena  ‘pen’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: loan.

peng habisan  ‘end’ | Bahasa Indonesia: akhir | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

penga bisan  ‘last’ | (final) | Bahasa Indonesia: terakhir | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pengi  ‘a bunch’ | e.g. (1) flower bunch (2) fia pengi ‘cluster/ hand of bananas’ | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014.

penu  ‘(sea) turtle’ | Bahasa Indonesia: penyyu | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: likely loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

penyak  ‘sickness’ | Bahasa Indonesia: penyakit | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

pepe  ‘vagina’/’vulva’ | Bahasa Indonesia: vagina | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: child language term—less rude, but still taboo. Mangon form. See also pok, poki.

per  ‘spear’ | collected on: Sanana, Kampung Wailau | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

perasa  ‘feeling’ | Bahasa Indonesia: perasaan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

percaya faa basah  ‘superstition’ | Bahasa Indonesia: takhyul | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

percobaan  ‘harassment’ | Bahasa Indonesia: gangguan (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

peresaan  ’emotional’ | Bahasa Indonesia: emosionil | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

perlu  ‘to need’/’to want’ | Bahasa Indonesia: perlu (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: a-perlu faahia ‘I want/need something’.

pernah  ‘ever’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

pernah moya  ‘never’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: pernah is a loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

persis  ‘same’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

pesawat la  ‘information’ | Bahasa Indonesia: keterangan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

peta  ‘lucky’ | Bahasa Indonesia: beruntung | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

petama-tama  ‘first’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pertama (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

peu  ‘bile’ | collected on: Sanana | source: single consultant | 2014 | note: Sanana form. For Mangon form, see also npeu.

pia (1)  ‘human’/’person’/’society’ | Bahasa Indonesia: masyarakat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: contraction of matapia.

pia (2)  ‘to be alive’/’good’/’safe’/’life’/’honest’/’beautiful’/’in good, healthy condition’ | e.g. matapia pia ‘a good person’ | Bahasa Indonesia: hidup, baik, hidup, jujur | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pia (tuka) bamap  ‘chef’ | Bahasa Indonesia: koki | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pia aya  ‘adult’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dewasa | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pia eha  ‘adult’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dewasa | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pia jaga ana  ‘babysitter’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pengasu anak | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pia kaya  ‘wealthy’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kaya | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pia makata  ‘doctor’ | (traditional medicine) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: literally ‘person medicine’.

pia matua  ‘parents’/’older people’ | Bahasa Indonesia: orang tua | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pia moya (1)  ‘strange’/’unsafe’ | Bahasa Indonesia: aneh | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pia moya (2)  ‘not good’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pia-pia (para)  ‘safe’/’just right’ | Bahasa Indonesia: aman | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pian  ‘other’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lain | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

pidatu  ‘welcome’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sambutan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

piga  ‘dish’/’bowl’/’plate’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

piga lisa  ‘saucer’ (small plate) | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

pihu (1)  HABITUAL INCEPTIVE ASPECT MARKER (‘again from now’) | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: intervocalic devoicing variant of bihu.

pihu (2)  ‘again’/’return’ | e.g. oje pihu ‘shuffle again’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lagi | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: alternate pronunciation of bihu. As an aspect marker, it is nearly synonymous with son. It indicates a commencing a recurring activity. e.g. gaya son/pihu ‘eat again from now’.

pikir  ‘to think’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

pikir pikir  ‘think’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berpikir [pikir] (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pil (1)  ‘already’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: archaic. See also pel.

pil (2)  ‘to see’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pila  ‘how many’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

pili  ‘to choose’ | Bahasa Indonesia: memilih | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015.

pinaka  ‘thief’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pencuri | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pinding  ‘belt (clothing)’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

pinjam  ‘borrow’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

pintar  ‘smart’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pintar | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

pip  ‘money’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pip / pipi  ‘Money’ | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pip nana  ‘change (coins)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: uang kecil | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pip seng  ‘coin’ | Bahasa Indonesia: uang logam | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pis noya / pisnoya  ‘speak (talk)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berbicara [bicara] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also bisnoya.

pita  ‘to exist’/’to be’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menjadi | collected on: Mangon, Waitulia village | source: numerous | 2014 | note: see also dahi.

po (1)  ‘cardinal number ten’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sepuluh | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2010-2019 | note: see also poa.

po (2)  ‘blood’ | Bahasa Indonesia: darah | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014. | note: see also poa.

po galima  ‘Fifty’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lima puluh | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina, (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon, Facei | 2014.

po gu  ‘Twenty’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dua puluh | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina, (Sanana) Kampung Sama | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon, Facei | 2014.

po laka  ‘flowing blood’ | Bahasa Indonesia: darah mengalir | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

po suk  ‘bleed’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mengeluarkan darah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

po(a)ga’u  ‘twenty’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

po(a)galima  ‘fifty’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

po(a)gatel  ‘thirty’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

po(a)gatel do gahu  ‘thirty-two’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

po(a)gatel do gatel  ‘thirty-three’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

po(a)gatel do hia  ‘thirty-one’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

poː

(1)  ‘banana inflorescence’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

poː

(2)  ‘blood’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

poː

(3)  ‘ten’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

poa (1)  ‘blood’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: see also po.

poa (2)  ‘cardinal number ten’ | Bahasa Indonesia: sepuluh | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010 | note: see also po.

poa (3)  ‘banana inflorescence’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

poa bai  ‘to be born’/’to give birth’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

poa gatel  ‘thirty’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

poa laka  ‘flowing blood’ | Bahasa Indonesia: darah mengalir | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

poa suk  ‘bleed’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mengeluarkan darah | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

poadoga’u  ‘twelve’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

poadogatel  ‘thirteen’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

poadohia  ‘eleven’ | collected on: Sanana | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

poagahu  ‘twenty’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dua puluh | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

poagalima  ‘fifty’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lima puluh | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Wailau | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Falahu tribe | 2014.

poci  ‘pot’/’jar’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010.

podigatelu  ‘thirteen’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

podigia  ‘eleven’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

podiguu  ‘twelve’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

podogata hua / poadogata hua  ‘eighteen’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

podohia / poadohia / poaduhia  ‘eleven’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

pogalima  ‘fifty’ | Bahasa Indonesia: lima puluh | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

pogatelu  ‘thirty’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pogatelu di gatelu  ‘thirty-three’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pogatelu di gia  ‘thirty-one’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pogatelu di guu  ‘thirty-two’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pogu, poagu’u  ‘Twenty’ | Bahasa Indonesia: dua puluh | collected on: (Sanana) Kampung Umaloya | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Fagudu tribe | 2014.

pogu(ː

)  ‘twenty’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

poguu  ‘twenty’ | collected on: Mangon | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

pohi  ‘lemon-like fruit’/’orange-like fruit’/’juice’ | Bahasa Indonesia: jeruk asam, juis | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

pohi kaya  ‘grapefruit’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

pohi limcui  ‘lemon’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014.

pok  ‘vagina’/’vulva’ | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Sanana form. See also pepe, poki.

pok lal  ‘vagina’ | Bahasa Indonesia: liang peranakan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

poki  ‘vagina’/’vulva’ | Bahasa Indonesia: vagina | collected on: Mangon | source: numerous | 2014 | note: Mangon form. See also pepe, pok.

pon  ‘tree’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pohon, kayu (Loan) | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

pon hia  ‘group’ | Bahasa Indonesia: kelompok | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

ponda (1)  ‘pandanus’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010.

ponda (2)  ‘sleeping mat’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2014.

ponoida  ‘friend’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019.

ponoida / panoida  ‘companion, friend, guide’ | Bahasa Indonesia: rekan, pemandu | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: panoida pronunciation recorded in Wai U village. Everywhere else offered ponoida.

popa  ‘grandfather’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

poro  ‘blood’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: several Mangon forms on the Holle list suggest possible loss of intervocalic r. See also po, poa.

pu  ‘faeces’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: loan?.

pu hi  ‘navel’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

puas pel  ‘bored’ | Bahasa Indonesia: bosan | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

puhi  ‘centre, stomach’ | e.g. town | Bahasa Indonesia: pusat | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019.

puhi wai  ‘umbilical cord’ | Bahasa Indonesia: tali pusar | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900.

pusi  ‘headache’ | source: natural speech samples. | 2010-2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

put’ana  ‘ghost’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900.

putar  ‘to turn completely, 180 degrees’ | Bahasa Indonesia: berputar | collected on: Mangon (CMD region), all villages | source: targeted elicitations for CMD dialect description. Reference Appendix data for number of consultants producing this form. | 2015 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

rabana  ‘tambourine’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

rairai  ‘to guess’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2010 | note: likely loan from an unknown source, as there are few if any native Sula words beginning with r.

ram  ‘party (fiesta), busy (place)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pesta, ramai | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia ramai.

ramirami  ‘party (fiesta), busy (place)’ | Bahasa Indonesia: pesta, ramai | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia ramai.

ranta aya; ranta me’ihi  ‘basket (all sorts of)’ | collected on: Sanana | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: likely loan from an unknown source, as there are few if any native Sula words beginning with r. Possible metathesis of rattan?.

ranta nini, ranta make’i  ‘basket (all sorts of)’ | collected on: Mangon | source: verified from Holle list by two or more speakers unless otherwise noted | c. 1900 | note: likely loan from an unknown source, as there are few if any native Sula words beginning with r. Possible metathesis of rattan?.

rasa  ’emotional’ | Bahasa Indonesia: emosionil | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

rasa lua  ‘nausea’ | Bahasa Indonesia: mual | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: literally ‘feeling’ + ‘vomit’.

rek (1)  ‘to count’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menghitung [hitung] | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: likely loan from Dutch rekenen.

rek (2)  ‘detail’ | Bahasa Indonesia: perincian | collected on: Sanana | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: likely loan from unknown source.

reking  ‘to count’ | Bahasa Indonesia: menghitung | collected on: (Mangon) Kampung Waitina | source: (targeted elicitations for tribe-based dialect variation) Mangon tribe | 2014.

rica (1)  ‘red pepper’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I am skeptical of this gloss. The word rica means ‘chili pepper’.

rica (2)  ‘black pepper’ | collected on: Mangon | source: three to five consultants | 2010 | note: likely loan from an unknown source, as there are few if any native Sula words beginning with r.

ronggi  ‘to dance’ | collected on: Sanana | source: two to three consultants | 2014 | note: see also baronggeng.

roti  ‘bread’ | Bahasa Indonesia: roti | collected on: Sanana, Mangon | source: numerous | 2010–2019 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

rugi  ‘loss’ | collected on: Sanana | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: loan from Bahasa Indonesia.

ruwi  ‘mango’ | collected on: Mangon | source: entry from Holle List; unable to verify | c. 1900 | note: I am highly doubtful of this entry, as there are few if any native Sula words beginning with r.